What are the design elements of this painting?

If we ask these questions of the painting The Education of the Virgin, what answers do we get?

1. Maybe the purpose of this painting was to teach the folk from the artist's era about Mary's childhood.

2. We certainly learn that people from the era in which this painting was done had no indoor lighting.

3. Simply put, this is a very realistic painting.

4. Colors certainly play a prominent role, but the most interesting thing about the painting is the play of light and shadow.

Each of these questions gets us thinking about the painting in more specific ways than we might do otherwise. The attempt to answer these questions may also make us curious to find out more about the painting. Here is some background information on the painting, the artist, and the era in which it was painted.

Georges de La Tour was born in March of 1593 in a part of France known then as Lorraine. His father was a baker in the their hometown of Vic-sur-Seille, although he was also a person of some importance in the commercial life of the town. Therefore the family was fairly well off and able to provide Georges with support in his efforts to become an artist.

The era during which La Tour lived is referred to as the Reformation, a period marked by outstanding scientific and artistic achievement. This period was also marked by much strife as the Roman Catholic Church attempted to regain the power it was losing to the Protestant Reformation (which began in 1517). The subject of The Education of the Virgin, painted in 1650 (not long after the end of the Thirty Years' War), had considerable meaning in this period of Catholic reform since the "Virgin" is, of course, Mary, the mother of Christ.

Georges de La Tour Christ in the Carpenter's Shop

The early education of the children in the truths of the faith was an important goal of the Catholic reform movement, and it was especially encouraged by the Jesuits. And it is quite possible that the popularity of La Tour's Education of the Virgin, attested by the several copies we know, is in some way connected directly with the educational activity of the congregation throughout the duchy [that is, the area known as Lorraine]. That is, paintings were used to "educate" people, and this painting was probably used to tell people about the Catholic faith.

Another interesting point about the education of children at this time may also be made by comparing this painting with another of La Tour's paintings, Christ with St. Joseph in the Carpenter's Shop.

Not only do these two paintings represent models of childhood instruction but they exemplify the ideals of the active (male) and the passive (female) life, in their themes and in their gendering (127).

Another common practice at this time was to use Bible stories as subject matter BUT to clothe the characters in the style of the painter's own era. Therefore, both Mary and her mother, Anne, are dressed as the women in La Tour's own household might have dressed.

Let us now add what we just learned to our "reading " of the painting. We begin then by seeing two figures, a woman holding a book from which a child, apparently a young girl, is reading, with the aid of a large candle that the girl holds in her left hand. The candle, sole source of light in the picture, connects the shining pages of the book to the bright, pale face of the girl. The painter has been very attentive to the play of light and shadow caused by the candle, in particular representing with great care the way the light comes around and through the right hand of the girl, which is raised in a gesture that is vaguely familiar, directly between the candle flame and our view of the flame. This positioning of the hand indicates the painter's awareness of us, the readers of this painted text, gazing out of the shadows at these two figures.

Opposite us, on a table at the back of this dark room, lies a wicker basket not so different from the laundry baskets we use today. The candlelight glows on this object and projects a shadowy image of it on the dark wall behind it. This is, then, a painting that is about reading, the activity represented in it, and about seeing, about light and shadow.

But what text is this? What is [Mary] reading?

To answer this question, we must consider more carefully exactly where - and when - we are in this painting. If this is indeed Mary at her lessons, we are in biblical time and space. But the clothing and the form of the book itself suggest a time and place nearer to that of La Tour himself. These may very well be members of his own household, wearing their customary clothing in the year 1648 or thereabouts. This is a naturalism that is innocent of historicism. Mary and her mother display no halos here.

Above all, our eyes are drawn to that book, gleaming so brightly in the center of light. What book would be the major text for the instruction of the future Mother of God? Let us then say she is reading a Bible.

With this new information, the answers to the four questions begin to become more detailed. Now we have a better sense of what the purpose of this painting might have been. For the members of the society, or culture, in which La Tour lived and worked, the painting served the purposes of 1) giving an image to attach to a Bible story or character, and 2) portraying the proper education to be given young boys and girls.

As for what the painting tells us about the culture in which it was produced, we learn how people of Lorraine in the middle 1600's dressed. (And, yes, we also get a sense of what it must have been like without indoor lighting.) We also learn that education was still mostly handled by the parents but that what and where girls and boys "studied" differed--girls, passive skills at home and boys, active skills in a place of work.

Now that we have thought a bit more about the subject of the painting, we actually have two answers to the third question. As an image on a canvas, it is very realistic. This sort of realism runs a continuum from abstract to photographic realism--that is, from shapes and colors on a surface which do not look like any person, place, or object, all the way to paintings which are impossible to tell apart from a photograph. This painting, therefore, should be placed closer to the photographic realism end of the spectrum than the abstract end.

But what if we talk about its subject, what the painting is about. One of the interesting features of the painting is that Mary is reading a printed Bible, which is unrealistic because the Bible as a book (let alone a printed book) did not exist in Mary's time, that is, what we call Biblical times. Therefore the subject of the painting is unrealistic.

By drawing our attention to the shadow of the basket he helps us to become more aware of the space of the painting as it is created through La Tour's use of the lighting. The shadow, as it spreads up and behind Anne, defines both the closeness of the space and the play of the light within that space. But, finally, it contributes to the sense of quiet and concentration, as the young Mary softly reads aloud the story of--who? Herself?

V. Study the following information:

SOME STYLES OF PAINTING:

abstract expressionism Movement in painting, originating in New York City in the 1940s. It emphasized spontaneous personal expression, freedom from accepted artistic values, surface qualities of paint, and the act of painting itself. Pollock, de Kooning, Motherwell, and Kline, are important abstract expressionists.		Pam Sanders Encounters
cubism A revolutionary movement begun by Picasso and Braque in the early twentieth century. It employs an analytic vision based on fragmentation and multiple viewpoints.		Marc Chagall Lovers in Moonlight
expressionism Refers to art that uses emphasis and distortion to communicate emotion. More specifically, it refers to early twentieth century northern European art, especially in Germany c. 1905-25. Artists such as Rouault, Kokoschka, and Schiele painted in this manner. Wassily Kandinsky Ludwig Kirchner Edvard Munch		Wassily Kandinsky "Munich-Schwabing with the Church of St. Ursula"
impressionism A late-nineteenth-century French school of painting. It focused on transitory visual impressions, often painted directly from nature, with an emphasis on the changing effects of light and color. Monet, Renoir, and Pissarro were important impressionists.		Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise
pointilism A method of painting developed by Seurat and Paul Signac in the 1880s. It used dabs of pure color that were intended to mix in the eyes of viewers rather than on the canvas. It is also called divisionism or neoimpressionism.		Paul Signac, Grand Canal (Venice)
pop art A movement that began in Britain and the United States in the 1950s. It used the images and techniques of mass media, advertising, and popular culture, often in an ironic way. Works of Warhol, Lichtenstein, and Oldenburg exemplify this style.		Andy Warhol, Campbell's Tomato Juice Box
postimpressionism A term coined by British art critic Roger Fry to refer to a group of nineteenth-century painters, including Cezanne, Van Gogh, and Gauguin, who were dissatisfied with the limitations of expressionism. It has since been used to refer to various reactions against impressionism, such as fauvism nd expressionism.		Paul Gauguin, Tahitian Women on the Beach
Primitivism - Art which looks like it's been painted by a child. Very plain, simple and 2-d Paul Klee Henri Matisse		Henri Matisse, Portrait of Madame Matisse (The green line)
realism In a general sense, refers to objective representation. More specifically, a nineteenth century movement, especially in France, that rejected idealized academic styles in favor of everyday subjects. Daumier, Millet, Da Vinci and Courbet were realists.		Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, A Corner of the Moulin de la Galette
surrealism A movement of the 1920s and 1930s that began in France. It explored the unconscious, often using images from dreams. It used spontaneous techniques and featured unexpected juxtapositions of objects. Magritte, Dali, Miro, and Ernst painted surrealist works.		Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory