III. Use the following words in the sentences of your own. Explain their meanings.

A great change, the second half of, mills and factories were built, slums grew up, garbage lay uncollected, he remained free of dreaded disease.

IV. True, untrue, write down the sentences.

1. James Phipps was a doctor.

2. Garbage lie uncollected in the streets of modern London.

3. The great advance in treatment of alcoholics.

4. Victims were kept in filthy conditions.

5. French doctor Phillippe Pinel was the student of our University.

6. He took the first step to a better age in mental health.

V. Make up disjunctive questions.

1. Slums grew up in the large manufacturing areas.

2. Disease and death were all around.

3. Machines were invented for manufacture of goods.

4. Two important advances were made.

5. A similar system of vaccination is successfully applied today.

VI. Make up alternative questions.

1. The boy remained free of dreaded disease.

2. The second advance was in treatment of mental patients.

3. James Phipps was a milkmaid.

4. Victims were kept in filthy conditions and treated with great cruelty.

5. Only few houses had lavatories.

UNIT XIII

I. Read the story and translate it.

The relief of pain

Although a form of hypnotism had been practiced in India, and the Romans sometimes used anesthetic sponges, it is doubtful whether these ideas for easing pain had much real effect. As recently as one hundred and thirty years ago only external operations, such as amputations, were possible and these were occasions of utter horror for the patient. He, or she, would be strapped to a table or held down by assistants and the surgeon would cut and saw through the limb while the patient screamed in agony. Surgeons tried to work quickly so as not to prolong the torture.

In 1799, Sir Humphrey Davy discovered that nitrous oxide, or 'laughing gas', helped to remove pain when breathed into the lungs and could make people temporarily unconscious. Forty years later Michael Faraday found that ether had the same effect, in 1844, two dentists showed that teeth could be painlessly extracted using 'laughing gas', and in 1846 a famous American surgeon of the time, John Warren, carried out a successful operation on a patient's throat using ether as an anesthetic. In the following year chloroform was found to relieve pain during childbirth.

Many prominent people still frowned on the use of anesthetics and it was not until Queen Victoria agreed to have chloroform at the birth of her seventh child that the controversy finally died away.

II. Retell it contents in English.

III. Answer the following questions.

1. What had been practiced in India?

2. Who agreed to have chloroform at the birth?

3. What does mean “laughing gas”?

4. When and who discovered nitrous oxide?

5. How does nitrous oxide work?

6. What did Michael Faraday find?

7. What could be painlessly extracted using “laughing gas”?

8. Why do some people still frown on the use of anesthetics?

9. Michael Faraday was an outstanding physicist, wasn’t he?

10. What can make people temporarily unconscious?

IV. Complete the following sentences.

1. Surgeons tried to work quickly…

2. One hundred and thirty years ago operation was…

3. In 1799, sir Humphrey Davy discovered that …

4. Michael Faraday found that ether…

5. In 1844 two dentists showed…

6. John Warren carried out a successful operation on …

7. Many prominent people still…

8. Queen Victoria agreed to have chloroform at the childbirth…

9. He, or she, would be strapped to a table…

10. The Romans sometimes used anesthetic sponges…

V. a) Make up your own sentences with the following words and word-combinations;

B) Explain in English the meanings of the following words and word-combinations;

Hypnotism, anesthetic sponges, external operation, utter horror, 'laughing gas', unconscious, ether, chloroform, childbirth, throat, to extract, temporarily.