Task 1. Translate the sentences from English into Russian, using the patterns above

1. There is a lot to be done, so let’s hurry.

2. The factor, raising most questions is that of love.

3. The dispute was believed to be through, but they kept talking.

4. There is something to think about, isn’t there?

5. She was thought to have been married once though there was little evidence.

6. There are plenty of things to be discussed and no time left.

7. Distantly related to the discussed issue was another one, having been thoroughly discussed but not resolved yet.

8. If this were the matter, they would not treat it so light-mindedly.

9. They are not supposed to be involved, are they?

10. There are few people to be reckoned with.

11. If she were expected to be more involved, believe me, she would be working harder than anybody else.

12. There are no grounds to discuss his disloyalty.

13. Very important was another question, raised a little later.

14. If this were the problem, he would not be so upset.

15. He is hoped to be working at the project right now.

16. However hard he tried, he could not control his feelings.

17. They found all the lost documents save one.

18. I couldn’t help thinking he was asking for trouble.

19. Never again would he be allowed to set foot in their house.

20. Well, it just so happens that I have everything you need for this occasion.

21. The cheerful live longest in years. The strongest survive.

22. We know nothing about him save that he was in the army during the war.

23. However much they earn, they will never be satisfied.

24. Never before had I had so much money.

25. He can’t help having big ears.

26. The unexpected is always frightening.

27. Fortunately it happened that there was no one in the house at the time of explosion.

28. The room was completely dark, save for one candle burning in the corner.

29. However hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza.

30. Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense!

31. On the contrary, the movie seemed to be quite boring I nearly fell asleep half way through it.

32. Not for the world would I change places with her.

33. On the contrary, it seemed to be so profitable that, on the strength of my brother’s advice, I invested in the company.

34. No sooner had he uttered the words, than she began laughing.

35. What worries us all is their silence.

TARGET WORDS

Task 1. Write the missing words in the sentences below instead of their definitions in brackets in the required form. Choose from the following:

TEXT A

1) Verbs:

to occur to urge to assume to consume

to bargain to proceed to pursue to uphold

to intensify to root to facilitate to enhance

1. She (tried hard to persuade) him to reconsider his decision.

2. The explosion (took place) just after midnight.

3. We won’t (support) the new policy of the boss.

4. They decided (to conduct) a policy of non-intervention.

5. Why does he always (accept as true before there is proof) the worst?

6. Those clothes do nothing (to improve further the good quality) her appearance.

7. Never pay the advertised price for a car – always try (to discuss in order to reach a favourable agreement for oneself).

8. Please, (go on to a further stage) with your report.

9. This car (uses) a lot of fuel.

10. 10. I’m afraid the terrorists will (make stronger) their bombing campaign.

11. A lot of his problems are ( are developed from) in his relationship with his mother

12. The discussion was (made easier) by the teacher who divided students into smaller groups.

2) Adjectives:

trashy miraculous tough overt

available conventional permanent exhilarating

prevalent profitless tremendous noteworthy

1. It is (deserving to be noted) that only 5% of senior managers are women.

2. I never read (of poor quality) novels.

3. She ended her letter with a (well-accepted) “Yours Sincerely”.

4. The team plays (determined and strong) when it has to.

5. I think it’s nothing but just an (open) attempt to force landowners to sell.

6. More money can become (able to be used) later in the year.

7. The burnt out buildings are a (lasting) reminder of the disaster.

8. My first parachute jump was an (very exciting) experience.

9. He has certainly had a (contrary to what is expected) recovery.

10. Drug abuse is the most (common) problem among teenagers.

11. The progress that has been made in microelectronics is (very big).

12. Many small hospitals are struggling to stay profitable, but still are (producing no profit).

3) Nouns:

(1)

pursuit coherence intensity standpoint

evidence limitations faculty potentialities

infatuation premise mastery assumptions

1. Let’s start from the basic (idea, on which reasoning is based) that we all have certain rights.

2. Lots of people are traveling around the country in (the action of trying to find smth) of work.

3. His arguments lack (logic and consistency).

4. The theory is based on a series of false (ideas that are thought to be true, but are not proved).

5. From a technical (way of looking at things), this is a great advantage.

6. I know my (lacks of ability).

7. The (qualities that exist, but have not been developed) of the average person are not fully used.

8. I didn’t realize the (strength) of people’s feelings on the issue.

9. It’s not love; it’s only a passing (foolish passion).

10. There is now fresh scientific (supporting data) for this theory.

11. He has shown complete (great knowledge and skill) in handling difficult situations.

12. She has a great (ability) for learning languages.

(2)

intermediary thrill domesticity coyness

commodities bargain asset consummation

carpentry engineering luxury confusion

1. They conducted all their business through an (a person who acts as a link).

2. He gets a (feeling of being excited) from rock-climbing.

3. I hate people purposefully demonstrating scenes of cosy (family life)

4. Her (shyness and modesty) is a put up job.

5. Trading in (products that are bought and sold) was brisk.

6. I’ve done what I promised and I expect you to keep your side of the (deal).

7. The President’s greatest (valuable quality) is his reputation for honesty.

8. Marriage is a (moment of completing, making perfect) of one’s life.

9. This is the finest piece of (art of making or repairing wooden objects or structures).

10. The new bridge is the triumph of (practical application of scientific knowledge in the design building and control of things).

11. We can’t afford many (expensive and enjoyable, but not essential things).

12. There have been some (mistaking of one thing for another) of names.

TEXT B.

1) Nouns:

recuperation sorrow belief fortune

assignments volition facility revenge

satisfaction intercourse convictions worship

1. I have a lot of reading (a duty or job to be done) to complete before the end of the term.
2. We can look back with (a feeling of happiness or pleasure) on a job well done.
3. I had time to think during my long (getting back one’s health, strength), and decided to start writing.
4. A certain level of manners is required for normal social (dealing with people).
5. His (an ability) for memorizing dates was astonishing.
6. It was a great (a feeling of great sadness or regret) to his parents that he dropped out of the college.
7. Of course I’ll visit her, but of my own (wish) and not because I’ve been forced.
8. I wouldn’t say I was a non-believer, but I don’t have any burning religious (belief or fixed opinion).
9. Hymns are a very important part of (a strong feeling of respect and admiration) in the Church of England.
10. Recent revelations about corruption have shaken many people’s (the feeling of certainty that something is true or can be trusted) in the police.
11. She took her (punishment given in return for harm done to oneself) on him for leaving her by smashing up his car.
12. Since joining the society, I have had the good (good or bad luck) to meet many distinguished writers.

2) Adjectives:

absurd preposterous barbaric extraordinary

domestic immense inscrutable obscure

puerile villainous palpable insatiable

1. His speech was full of (hard to understand) political jokes.
2. They were (impossible to satisfy) for news of the royal family.
3. In spite of being a successful career woman, she’s basically very (enjoying home duties and pleasures).
4. She looked for some response, but Jean’s expression remained (impossible to understand).
5. He told the (very unusual, unexpected or strange) story of his escape.
6. The square is dominated by an (extremely large) statue of the President.
7. The sense of excitement among the crowd was almost (obvious, easily and clearly known).
8. It’s completely (ridiculous, unreasonable) to suggest that we shouldn’t test students.
9. The whole idea is (completely unreasonable, absurd or shocking).
10. In Shakespeare’s ‘Othello’, Othello is deceived by the (evil) Iago.
11. She found the idea of killing animals for pleasure (very cruel).
12. Some people think he is amusing, but in my opinion his jokes are (childish; silly).

3) Verbs:

occurred revere incline associating

debased grovel exposed determined

urged attaining denounced treated

1. He (tried hard to persuade) me to reconsider my decision.
2. He (decided firmly) to learn Greek.
3. I don’t like you (meeting) with such people.
4. We need to identify the best ways of (reaching) our goals.
5. When she went to college, Kate was (introduced) to a lot of new ideas.
6. It never (came into one’s mind) to her to ask for help.
7. I had to (show extreme respect and eagerness to please) to my boss before she would agree to let me go on holiday.
8. The minister’s action was (express strong disapproval publicly) in all the newspapers.
9. We all (respect, admire) Shakespeare’s plays as great literature.
10. Sport is being (lower the value) by commercialism.
11. My parents (behave towards) us all the same when we were kids.
12. I (tend to) to take the opposite point of view.

Text A. Is Love an Art?

Erich Fromm

According to Erich Fromm, love is the only satisfactory answer to the problem of human existence, and yet most people have very little understanding of the nature of love. The following section, the first chapter from Dr. Fromm’s book “The Art of Loving”, considers the premises underlying most popular attitudes about love and urges that love be approached in the same searching spirit and with the same effort of will that characterizes the pursuit of any art.

In terms of theoretical techniques, the essay is noteworthy for its coherence, which is achieved in part by a careful enumeration of points in part by effectively tying one paragraph to another.

(1) Is love an art? Then it requires knowledge and effort. Or is love a pleasant sensation, which to experience is a matter of chance, something one “falls into” if one is lucky? This little book is based on the former premise, while undoubtedly the majority of people today believe in the latter.

(2) Not that people think that love is important. They are starved for it; they watch endless numbers of films about happy and unhappy love stories, they listen to hundreds of trashy songs about love – yet hardly anyone thinks that there is anything that needs to be learned about love.

(3) This peculiar attitude is based on several premises which either singly or combined tend to uphold it. Most people see the problem of love primarily as that of being loved, rather than that of loving, of one’s capacity to love. Hence the problem to them is how to be loved, how to be lovable. In pursuit of this aim they follow several paths. One, which is especially used by men, is to be successful, to be as powerful and rich as the social margin of one’s position permits. Another, used especially by women, is to make oneself attractive, by cultivating one’s body, dress, etc. Other ways of making oneself attractive, used both by men and women, are to develop pleasant manners, interesting conversation, to be helpful, modest, inoffensive. Many of the ways to make oneself lovable are the same as those used to make oneself successful, “to win friends and influence people”. As a matter of fact, what most people in our culture mean by being lovable is essentially a mixture between being popular and having sex appeal.

(4) A second premise behind the attitude that there is nothing to be learnt about love is the assumption that the problem of love is the problem of an object, not the problem of a faculty. People think that to love is simple, but that to find the right object to love – or to be loved –is difficult. This attitude has several reasons rooted in the development of modern society. One reason is the great change, which occurred in the twentieth century with respect to the choice of a “love object”. In the Victorian age, as in many traditional cultures, love was mostly not a spontaneous personal experience, which then might lead to marriage. On the contrary, marriage was contracted by convention –either by the respective families, or by a marriage broker, or without the help of such intermediaries; it was concluded on the basis of social considerations, and love was supposed to develop once the marriage had been concluded. In the last few generations the concept of romantic love has become almost universal in the Western world. In the United States, while considerations of a conventional nature are not entirely absent, to a vast extent people are in search of “romantic love”, of the personal experience of love, which then should lead to marriage. This new concept of freedom in love must have greatly enhanced the importance of the object as against of the function.

(5) Closely related to this factor is another feature characteristic of contemporary culture. Our whole culture is based on the appetite for buying, on the idea of a mutually favourable exchange. Most man’s happiness consists in the thrill of looking at the shop windows, and in buying all that he can afford to buy, either for cash or on installments. He (or she) looks at people in a similar way. For the man an attractive girl – and for the woman an attractive man – are the prizes they are after. “Attractive” usually means a nice package of qualities, which are popular and sought after on the personality market. What specially makes a person attractive depends on the fashion of the time, physically as well as mentally. During the twentieths, a drinking and smoking girl, tough and sexy, was attractive; today the fashion demands more domesticity and coyness. At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of this century, a man had to be aggressive and ambitious – today he has to be social and tolerant – in order to be an attractive “package”. At any rate, the sense of falling in love develops usually only with regard to such human commodities as are within of one’s own possibilities for exchange. I am out for a bargain - the object should be desirable from the standpoint of its social value, and at the same time should want me, considering my overt and hidden assets and potentialities. Two persons thus fall in love when they have found the best object available on the market, considering the limitations of their own exchange values. Often, as in buying real estate the hidden potentialities, which can be developed, play a considerable role in this bargain. In a culture in which the marketing orientation prevails, and in which material success is the outstanding value, there is little reason to be surprised that human love relations follow the same pattern of exchange, which governs the commodity and the labour market.

(6) The third error leading to the assumption that there is nothing to be learnt about love lies in the confusion between the initial experience of “falling” in love, and the permanent state of being in love, or as we might better say, of “standing” in love. If two people who have been strangers, as all of us are, suddenly let the wall break down, and feel close, feel one, this moment of oneness is one of the most exhilarating, most exciting experiences in life. It is all the more wonderful and miraculous for persons who have been shut off, isolated, without love. This miracle of sudden intimacy is often facilitated if it is combined with, or initiated by, sexual attraction and consummation. However, this type of love is by its nature not lasting. The two persons become well acquainted, their intimacy loses more and more its miraculous character, until their antagonism, their disappointments, their mutual boredom kill whatever is left of the initial excitement. Yet, in the beginning they do not know all this: in fact they take the intensity of the infatuation, this being “crazy” about each other, for proof of the intensity of their love, while it may only prove the degree of their preceding loneliness.

(7) This attitude – that nothing is easier than love – has continued to be the prevalent idea in spite of the overwhelming evidence to the contrary. There is hardly any activity, any enterprise, which is started with such tremendous hopes and expectations, and yet, which fails regularly, as love. If this were thecase with any other activity, people would be eager to knowthe reasons for the failure, and to learn how one could be better – or they give up the activity. Since the latter is impossible in the case of love, there seems to be only one adequate way to overcome the failure of love – to examine the reasons for this failure, and to proceed to study the meaning of love.

(8) The first step to take is to become aware that love is an art, just as living is an art; if we want to learn how to love we must proceed in the same way we have to proceed if we want to learn any other art, say, music, painting, carpentry, or the art of medicine or engineering. What are the necessary steps in learning any art?

(9) The process of learning an art can be divided conveniently into two parts: one the mastery of the theory; the other, the mastery of the practice. If I want to learn the art of medicine, I must first know the facts about the human body, and about various diseases. When I have all this theoretical knowledge, I am by no means competent in the art of medicine. I shall become a master in this art only after a great deal of practice, until eventually the results of my theoretical knowledge and the results of my practice are blended into one – my intuition, the essence of the mastery of any art. But, aside from learning the theory and practice, there is a third factor necessary to becoming a master in any art – the mastery of the art must be a matter of ultimate concern; there must be nothing else in the world more important than the art. This holds true for music, for medicine, for carpentry – sand for love. And, may be, here lies the answer to the question of why people in our culture try so rarely to learn this art, in spite of their obvious failures, in spite of the deep-seated craving for love, almost everything else is considered to be more important than love: success, prestige, money, power – almost all our energy is used for the learning of how to achieve these aims, and almost none to learn the art of loving.

(10) Could it be that only those things are considered worthy of being learnt with which one can earn money or prestige, and that love, which “only” profits the soul, but is profitless in the modern sense, is a luxury we have no right to spend much energy on?