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Text 2. The century-old artifact that defines the kilogram, the fundamental unit of mass, is to be replaced by a more accurate standards based on an invariant property of nature

Weighty Matters. By: Robinson, Ian, Scientific American, 00368733, Dec2006, Vol. 295, Issue 6 In an age when technologies typically grow obsolete in a few years, it is ironic that almost all the world's measurements of mass (and related phenomena such as energy) depend on a 117-year-old object stored in the vaults of a small laboratory outside Paris, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. According to the

Text 1. Computer and computer science

Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. It is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that create, describe, and transform information. The early foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital

Further and higher education

Further education has traditionally been characterised by part-time vocational courses for those who leave school at the age of 16 but need to acquire a skill, be that in the manual, technical or clerical field. In all, about three million students enrol each year in part-time courses at further education (FE) colleges, some released by their employers and a greater number unemployed. In addition there have always

St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University as a scientific center. My department.

Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute was founded in 1899 as the most advanced engineering school in Russia. The main person promoting the creation of this University was the Finance Minister Count Sergei Witte who saw establishing a first-class engineering school loosely modeled by the French École Polytechnique as an important step towards the industrialization of Russia. The idea was advanced by

List of topics for post-graduate exam

1. Мои научные интересы / мой исследовательский дипломный проект. 2. Глобальные проблемы и пути их решения (экологические, демографические и др.). 3. Современная система высшего образования в России (бакалавриат, магистратура,

Графен: материал будущего, или головная боль для ученых?

(http://facepla.net, 26.08.2010) Ни для кого не секрет, что автомобильные двигатели, работающие на водороде – уже реальность. Проблема машины, работающей на водороде, заключается в том, что надежного места для хранения этого водорода пока не

Procedures to analyze fluxes

During mesh generation mesh-regions were defined for evaluation of local fluxes. This definition of mesh region which can be surfaces or volumes allows the analysis of local time variations of fluxes and balances, e.g. in each guide vane or rotor cannel. ResultsThe process of energy dissipation for operating points near runaway involves in- and outflows from the runner. The high energy flow is entering the runner

III. Experiments and Results

We have performed five in vivo porcine animal tests with our device. A laparoscopic surgeon (Fowler) used this device to perform a number of surgical procedures, including cholecystectomy, appendectomy, running (measuring) the bowel, suturing, and nephrectomy (kidney removal). Since this test animal species does not have an appendix as a human, resecting part of the colon was used to simulate an appendectomy. We

Insertable surgical imaging device with pan, tilt, zoom, and lighting

Tie Hu, Peter K. Allen, Nancy J. Hogle and Dennis L. Fowler Abstract—This paper describes work we have done in de­veloping an insertable surgical imaging device with multiple degrees-of-freedom for minimally invasive surgery. The device is fully insertable into the abdomen using standard 12mm trocars. It consists of a modular camera and lens system which has pan and tilt capability provided by 2 small DC servo

Glucontrol Protocol and Patient Cohorts

The Glucontrol trial randomised patients into two groups: Group A and Group B. Group A received intensive insulin therapy and Group B received conventional insulin therapy, with target ranges of 4.4-6.1 mmol/L and 7.8-10 mmol/L, respectively. Insulin was administered as a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion. Hourly blood glucose (BG) measurements were recorded when the glycemic level was not within the target

Pyrolysis and gasification of food waste: syngas characteristics and char gasification kinetics

I.I. Ahmed, A.K. Gupta The Combustion Laboratory, University of Maryland, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College Park, MD 20742, United States Keywords: Food waste gasification; Char gasification kinetics; Catalytic effect of ash; Compensation effectAbstractCharacteristics of syngas from the pyrolysis and gasification of food waste has been investigated. Characteristic differences in syngas properties and

Part 3. Texts on interdisciplinary research for abstracting and annotating

Interdisciplinary research (IDR) now receives a great deal of attention because of the rich, creative contributions it often generates. But a host of factors — institutional, interpersonal, and intellectual — also make a daunting challenge of conducting research outside one's usual domain. This selection of the texts on interdisciplinary research is our brief guide to the most effective avenues for collaborative

V. Revision of the final draft

Here some general recommendations you are advised to follow while writing and revising your scientific article: Use normal English language including articles. Stay focused on the research topic of the paper. Use paragraphs to separate each important point (except for the abstract). Present your points in logical order. Use present tense to report well accepted facts - for example, 'the grass is green'. Use past

Writing the main body of the article

The structures of the main of articles can differ from each other. Look through some scientific articles in your area of interest. What are the main sections of them?The Method SectionSometimes in scientific papers you will find headings such as Materials and Methods or Methodology, which lists specimens used in the study and what methods or procedures were applied to them. This allows other scientists to replicate

III. Citations. Quotations, paraphrases and summaries

Give the reference as soon as you've mentioned in your article the idea or fact you're using, not just at the end of the paragraph. It's often recommended to name the authors ("X says" and "Y argues against X,") and then indicate your own stand ("A more inclusive perspective, however, . . . "). You need to keep mentioning authors, pages, dates to show how your ideas are related to those

Look through some scholarly articles in your area of interest. Do all of them have the same structure? What are the main sections of articles? Write them out.

Title and Key WordsThe title is the first thing that the reader sees and this often determines whether they will read further. If you want to capture their attention, the title needs to encapsulate the subject of the article. The best way to do that is to use key words. For example, for the article about pyrolysis and gasification of food waste the key words are as follows: Food waste gasification; Char

Follow the links to other websites and pages and compose a short presentation on

referencing and citation examples of reference and citation avoidance of plagiarism b) Find synonyms and definitions to the following words from the text: contravention, preliminary, simultaneous, fraud, severity, refute, perpetrator, questionable, expose, retaliation. When looking for the synonyms compare at least two Internet resources which might be helpful to you, e.g. Wordsmyth & Webster dictionary or

Forms of scientific misconduct

Answer the questions1. What does the term «scientific misconduct» mean? 2. What are the reasons for scientific misconduct? 3. What are the forms of scientific misconduct? 4. What are the consequences of scientific misconduct? 1) Mach the words from the text with their definitions 1. Perpetrator A Refers to the pressure to publish work constantly to further or sustain a career in academia. The

Use unit 11 of appendix 11 for written practice exercises

1) Prepare a presentation about the things we can do to reduce global warming. You can use the website address given below to get more information. http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/tp/globalwarmtips.htm     Quiz Visit the website addresshttp://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/GlobWarmTest/start.html and check your knowledge of global warming. During the test choose the most