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Most diesels are also four-stroke engines. The first or suction stroke draws air, but no fuel, into the combustion chamber through an intake valve. On the second or com­pression stroke the air is compressed to a small fraction of its former volume and is heated to approximately 440°C by this compression. At the end of the compression stroke vaporised fuel is injected into the combustion chamber and burns instantly

The primary components of acar are the power plant, the power transmission, the running gear, and the con­trol system. These constitute the chassis, on which the body is mounted. The power plant includes the engine and its fuel, the carburettor, ignition, lubrication, and cooling systems, and the starter motor. The Engine The greatest number of cars use piston engines. The four-cycle piston engine requires four

Condensation polymerisation and addition polymeri­sation are the two main processes in plastics production. The manufacture of plastics depends upon the building of chains and networks during polymerisation. A condensation polymer is formed by a synthesis that involves the gradual reaction of reactive molecules with one another, with the elimination of small molecules such as water. The reaction gradually slows

The termcomputer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Com­puter has no intelligence by itself andis referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements: • Hardware • Software • People • Procedures • Data/information When one computer system is set up to communicate with another

Today most robots are used in manufacturing opera­tions. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: 1. materialhandling 2. processing operations 3. assembly and inspection. Material-handling is thetransfer of material and load­ing and unloading of machines. Material-transfer appli­cations require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are

James Prescott Joule, famous British physicist, was born in 1818 in Salford, England. Joule was one of the most outstanding physicists of his time. He is best known for his research in electricity and thermodynamics. In the course of his investigations of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit, he formulated the law, now known as Joule's law of electric heating. This law states that the amount of heat produced

II. Famous People of Science and Technology: James Prescott Joule.Text A: «WELDING»Welding is a process when metal parts arejoined to­gether by the application of heat, pressure, or a combi­nation of both. The processes of welding can be divided into two main groups: • pressure welding, when the weld isachieved by pressure and • heat welding, when the weld is achieved by heat. Heat welding is the most common

The combinations of two or more different materials are called composite materials. They usually have unique mechanical and physical properties because they combine the best properties of different materials. For example, afibre-glass reinforced plastic combines the high strength of thin glassfibres with the ductility and chemi­cal resistance of plastic. Nowadays composites are being used for structures such as

Text C: «Milling, boring, drilling machines. Shapers and Planers», Text D: «Dies»II. Famous people of science and technology: George Stephenson, Robert Slephenson.Text A: «MACHINE-TOOIS»Machine-tools are used toshape metals and other ma­terials. The material to be shaped is called theworkpiece.Most machine-tools are nowelectrically driven. Ma­chine-tools with electrical drive are faster and moreac­curate

Density (specific weight) is theamount of mass in a unitvolume. It is measured in kilograms per cubic me­tre. The density of water is 1000 kg/ m3 but most mate­rials have a higher density andsink in water. Aluminium alloys, with typical densities around 2800 kg/ m3 are con­siderably less dense than steels, which have typical den­sities around 7800 kg/ m3. Density is important in any application where the

I. Text A: «Materials science and technology», Text B: «Mechanical Properties of Materials». II. Famous people of science and technology: Igor Sikorskly, Andrey Tupolev.Text A: «MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Of MATERIALS»Materials Science and Technology is the study of ma­terials and how they can be fabricatedto meet the needsof modern technology. Using the laboratorytechniquesand knowledge of physics, chemistry, and

An importantfeature of hot working is that itpro­vides theimprovement of mechanicalproperties of met­als . Hot-working (hot-rolling or hot-forging)eliminates porosity, directionality, andsegregation that are usu­ally present in metals. Hot-worked products have better ductility and toughness than the unworkedcasting. Dur­ing the forging of a bar, the grains of the metal become greatlyelongated in the direction of

Quenching is a heat treatment when metal at a high temperature is rapidly cooled byimmersion in water or oil. Quenching makes steel harder and more brittle, with small grains structure. Tempering is a heat treatmentapplied to steel and certain alloys. Hardened steel after quenching from a high temperature is too hard and brittle for many appli­cations and is also brittle. Tempering, that is re-heating to

II. Famous Scientists. Dmitry Ivanovlch Mendeleyev.Text A: «METALS»Metals are materials most widely used in industry be­cause of their properties. The study of the production andproperties of metals is known asmetallurgy. Theseparation between the atoms in metals is small, so most metals aredense. The atoms arearranged regu­larly and canslide over each other. That is why metals aremalleable (can be deformed

Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with. Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected

Exercise A now — how — brown out — now — house louse — mouse — cows out — loud — without Exercise В brain — brakes — brand brunch — branch — brave Brazil — breach — break breath — broth — breathe Exercise D treasure — trainer — trench draw — dribble — draft drag — drab — drank drain — dragon — drama drape — dreadful — drugs Dresden — dress — dry drill

III.§1. Сложное дополнение (Complex object).Причастие и герундий.Согласный звук . При произнесении губы округлены и значительно выдвинуты вперед, а задняя часть языка занимает примерно такое же положение, как при произнесении русского .

Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе ипричастия II (Participle II) смыслового глагола: Present Indefinite The letteris written Past Indefinite The letterwas

The United States of America is the 4th largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the central part of the North American continent. The United States of America is a federal republic, consisting of 50 states including the states of Alaska and Hawaii.Outlying areas include Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands. The northern boundary is partly formed by the Great