Ознакомьтесь с новыми словами и терминами текста.

personal computers — персональные компьютеры

competitive operating systems — конкурирующая опера­ционная система

IBM (International Business Machine) — фирма по про­изводству компьютеров

to enter the fray — ввязаться в драку

computer of choice — лучший компьютер

to fall by the wayside — остаться в стороне; уступить до­рогу

to survive onslaught — выдержать конку­ренцию

word size — размер слова; разрядность двоичного слова

soft-copy output — вывод электронной, программно-управляемой копии

hard-copy output — вывод «твердой» печатной копии

online storage -* неавтономное хранение данных в ЗУ

offline storage — автономное хранение данных отдельно от компьютера

input media — носитель для входных данных

output media — носитель для выходных данных

general-purpose — универсальный; общего назначения

stand-alone — автономный

to plug in — подключать; подсоединять

leisure activities - досуговая деятельность

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, существуют ли отличия пер­сональных компьютеров от больших компьютеров и в чем они заключаются.

Text 1. PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competitive oper­ating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM en­tered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the way-side. One of the few companies to survive IBM's on­slaught was Apple Computer, which is sure to remain a major player in the personal computer marketplace. In less than a de­cade the microcomputer has been transformed from a calcula­tor and hobbyist's toy into a personal computer for almost ev­eryone.

What is a personal computer? How can this device be char­acterized?

— First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based, its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit, or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip.

— Second, a PC has a memory and word size that are small­er than those of minicomputers and large computers. Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main memories range in size from 16 К to 512 K.

— Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive, and less powerful input, output and storage components than do large computer systems. Most often, input is by means of a keyboard, soft-copy output being displayed on a cathode-ray tube screen. Hard-copy output is produced on a low-speed character printer.

— A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and offline storage devices and also as input and output media.

— Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved from place to place.

Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal com­puter is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. When did the first personal computer appear? 2. What was one of the first PC model? 3. What is a personal computer? 4. What are the four main characteristics of a PC? 5. What does the term "microprocessor-based" mean? 6. What are the typical word sizes of a PC? 7. How is input carried out in personal computers? 8. What principle storage devices do PC use? 9. What kind of a system is a PC? 10. What differs personal computers from large computer systems?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Конкурирующая операционная система; появляться ежедневно; ввязаться в драку; лучший компьютер; остаться в стороне; выдержать конкуренцию; главный поставщик на компьютерном рынке; игрушка для любителя; микро­процессорный; цельный кристалл (микросхема) из крем­ния; размер слова; компоненты меньшей мощности; по­средством; вывести на экран; низкоскоростной принтер с посимвольной печатью; использовать гибкие диски; при­боры (не) автономного хранения данных; универсальный; автономная система; отличительная черта; интерактивный режим; независимо от цели; досуговая деятельность.

5. Проведите грамматический анализ текста 1, найдите в нем инфинитивные и причастные конструкции. Переве­дите предложения.

6. Переведите сложные предложения:

А) бессоюзные; В) с сочинительной связью. Запомните следующие сочинительные союзы: and, but, or, while, both ... and, as well as, not only ...but also, either ...or, neither... nor.

A) 1. The computer you told me about was constructed at a Russian plant. 2 We hope we'll buy the computer your friend spoke so much about 3. This is the principle the electronic computer is based upon. 4. The teacher says we may ask any questions we like. 5. Elements integrated circuits are made of are electrically interconnected components. 6. The main tendencies of 1С development scientists are working at are to increase the scale of integration and to improve reliability. 7. — Where are the computer games I gave you yesterday? — The computer games you are asking about are on the top shelf. 8. He was one of the greatest scientists the world had ever known.

В) 1. These devices can perform both the input and output functions. 2. Data are recorded on magnetic discs and tapes either by outputting the data from primary storage or by using a data recorder. 3. Neither the programmer nor tha analyst could explain the cause of the computer errors. 4. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage. 5. This grammar exercise is not only too long but also very difficult. 6. Printers may be either impact or nonimpact. 7. Character printers are used with all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes. 8. Both primary and secondary storage contain data and the instructions for processing the data. 9. The CPU functional units can be in one of two states: either "on" or "off'. 10. High-speed devices are both input and output devices that are used as secondary storage.