Across the terminals— на клеммах
The output — на выходе
The current capacity — пропускная способность
X. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:
Electronic Computing Machines
Before describing electronic machines it is useful to consider computing machines in general. There are two main classes of computing equipment known respectively as analogue and digital machines. In analogue machines numbers are represented by physical quantities such as the angular rotation of a shaft or the current in a resistor, the numbers being the measures1 of those physical quantities. Examples of analogue machines are the planimeter, the differential analyser, resistance network2, etc.
Because they are dependent on the accuracy of physical measurements, analogue machines are strictly limited in regard to the precision of which they are capable. Even with a well designed planimeter, for example, it is difficult to calculate areas to more than four significant figures. For most physical problems this does not constitute a severe restriction and a far more serious limitation of analogue machines is that they are, in general, special purpose devices.
It is known that digital machines, on the other hand, work directly with numbers in digital form and are capable of performing exactly the fundamental operations of arithmetic, addition and subtraction, and usually also multiplication and division.
Пояснения к тексту
1. the measures — зд значения
2. network — зд расчетная схема
УРОК 5
THE INFINITIVE
ФОРМЫ
| Acnive | Passive | |
| Simple | To test | To be tested |
| Progressive | To be testing | |
| Perfect | To have tested | To have been tested |
| Perfect-Progressive | To have been testing |
ФУНКЦИИ
| Функция | Способ перевода | Пример |
| Подлежащее (если стоит в начале пред- ложения, где нет дру-гого слова, которое могло бы быть под- лежащим; если стоит после безличного оборота It is impor- tant…, it is difficult… | Начальная форма глагола или отглагольное существительное | To test the equipment is the main task of the engineers. Испытание этого оборудования является главной задачей инженеров. It is difficult to test this equipment in this laboratory. Трудно испытать это оборудование в этой лаборатории. |
| Часть сказуемого: 1) модального 2) именного ( инфи- нитив стоит после личной формы гла- гола-связки to be; подлежащее выраже- но абстрактными существительными aim, object, plan, diffi- culty, task problem, purpose, mission. | 1)начальная форма глагола 2)заключается в том, чтобы + начальная форма глагола; состоит в + отгла- гольное существительное | The engineers must test this equipment. Инженеры должны испытать это оборудование. The task of the engineers is to test the equipment. Задача инженеров заключается в том, чтобы испытать это оборудование. |
| Дополнение | Начальная форма глагола. отглагольное существительное | We would like to obtain these data in other way. Нам бы хотелось получить эти данные другим путем. |
| Обстоятельство | Неопределенная форма глагола с союзом “чтобы”, “для того, чтобы”; отглагольное сущетвительное с предлогом “для”. | To determine the resistance of a сircuit he used an ohmmeter. Чтобы измерить (для измерения) сопротивление цепи, он использовал омметр. |
| Определение | Придаточное определи- тельное предложение с союзом “который”, сказуемое которого имеет оттенок долженствования или будущего времени. | The student must study the data to be obtained as a result of this experiment. Студенты должны изучить данные, которые будут получены в результате этого опыта. |
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Дайте два варианта перевода инфинитива в функции подлежащего:
1. То isolate the metal plates was the student's task.
2. To create a powerful energy source was of prime importance for a constructor.
3. To provide a high potential is not easy.
4. To determine the volume of a gas at a definite temperature is very easy.
5. To prove this law experimentally is very difficult.
6. To test a new receiver for the application in this system was the main task of the laboratory.
7. To test the equipment is possible only under vacuum conditions.
8. To raise the cathode temperature means increasing the number of emitted electrons.
9. To obtain new data on the wave travelling was necessary for future investigations.
10. To build a network of transmitting stationsin that region was of prime importance.
II. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Дайте два варианта перевода инфинитива в функции именной части составного сказуемого:
1. The student's task was to study the propertiesof this substance.
2. The task is to provide low pressure.
3. The main aim of the designers is to improve TV communication over long distances.
4. The problem is to find materials which are not sensitive to light.
5. The purposeof the experiment is to convert heat directly to electricity.
6. The object of this system is to provide a powerful energy supply.
TEXT
RADIO ELECTRONICS IN SPACE
1. The formula "radio + electronics = radio electronics" provides us with a good example of fruitful cooperation. 2. To work successfully in any field of science now means to know the fundamentals of radio electronics. 3. A physician has to know the properties of high frequency currents, a mathematician — the properties of fast-acting computers, an astronomer— the properties of radio-telescopes, a physicist — the properties of charged particles. 4. Without radio electronics it is impossible to develop cybernetics, astronautics and nuclear physics. 5. Much attention is now given to the frequency stability of generators — the heart of all radio transmitting systems. 6. To establish reliable contact with Mars, the frequency control must be within billionths of a per cent. 7. The role of "electrical pendulum" which sets the frequency of oscillations in highly stable generators is performed by a plate of crystalline quartz. 8. Like the string of a musical instrument, this plate can be tuned to a definite frequency. 9. The thinner the plate, the higher the frequency is. 10. The thinnest plates give a frequency of scores of mcps (millions of oscillations per second). 11. The super-high frequencies used in cosmic communication are of hundreds and thousands of mcps. 12. To use special multipliers means to achieve such frequencies. 13. Ordinarily it is a chain of valve or transistor stages, each containing a score of parts. 14. This increases the size of еquiрment, rеquirеs more power and results in reduced reliability. 15. To solve the problem of high frequencies another way out has been foud 16. The oscillations of quartz may be induced not on the main frequency, but on its harmonic overtones1. 17. One of the biggest problems is to "tame"2 overtones in transistor generators, that is where they are most necessary. 18. The frequency "ceiling" for them is usually 100 mcps. 19. The generator used, for instance, in the instrumentation of the US artificial Earth satellites "Vanguard" and "Explorer", had a frequency of 108 mcps. 20. The generator, produced in Odessa, has a frequency of 300 mcps. 21. It is shock-proof, damp-proof and operates reliably in heat or cold.
Пояснения к тексту
1. overtones — обертоны
2. to " tame" — зд. создать
Слова для запоминания
n computer
v achieve, compute, perform, tune
a artificial, fruitful, reliable
Слова для повторения
n control, property
v establish, find (found), mean (meant), provide, require, set (set)
a definite,thin
prep within
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
III. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в которых инфинитив является подлежащим, и переведите все предложения:
1. То eliminate this counterflow was the task of the student.
2. To eliminate this counterflow, a third grid was placed between the plate and the screen grid and connected to the cathode.
3. To produce negative electrodes iron and zinc plates are used.
4. To produce negative electrodes was the first task of the engineer.
5. To conduct a series of experiments for the improvement of space communication is the first step in solving this problem.
6. To conduct a series of experiments on these substances the engineers studied the results of some other experiments.
7. To work in this field of science was the task of the engineer.
8. To work successfully in this field of science the student has to know the fundamentals of electrical engineering.
IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения:
1. The assistant is to perform all theseoperations.
2. The task of the laboratory is toperform all these operations in a short period of time.
3. The operator was to tune the receiverto a definite frequency.
4. The problem was to tune the receiver to a definite frequency.
5. The function of this device was to compute all these quantities.
6. According to the programme the device was to compute all these quantities in a very short period of time.
7. The aim of the scientists was to investigate the operation of space communication systems.
8. The engineer was to investigate the properties of superconducting materials under various conditions.
V. Прочтите и переведите группы слов:
1. the communication establishment; 2. communication establishment possibilities; 3. long-distance communication establishment possibilities; 4. low temperature physics; 5. low temperature physics investigations; 6. a transmission line; 7. the transmission line efficiency; 8. electrical control systems; 9. automatic control systems; 10. artificial radio-activity properties; 11. artificial radio-activity properties investigations; 12. a great energy source; 13. the electric power consumption; 14. semiconductor quantum generators; 15. light wave energy; 16. super-speed computers; 17. radio frequency quantum generators
VI. * Укажите дробью синонимы и синонимичные выражения;
к каждому слову (сочетанию) из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его синоним из правой (знаменатель):
1. source
2. to create
3. to supply
4. external
5. to compute
6. to perform
7. man-made
8. to affect
9. provided
10. to take into account
11. to obtain
1. to calculate
2. to make
3. artificial
4. to get .
5. a supply
6. to take into consideration
7. to influence
8. to construct
9. if
10. outer
11. to provide
VII. * Укажите дробью антонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его антоним из правой (знаменатель):
1. to separate 1. natural
2. internal 2. a transmitter
3. visible 3. high
4. reliable 4. to connect
5. artificial 5. unreliable
6. fruitful 6. thick
7. thin 7. external
8. to giveoff 8. to take
9. unique 9. close [s]
10. distant 10. invisible
11. low 11. fruitless
12. a receiver 12. commo
VIII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:
1. a reliable insulator;2. to create a reliable insulator; 3. artificial radioactivity; 4. artificial admixtures; 5. a fruitful discussion; 6. a fruitful cooperation. 7. to establish reliable contact; 8. to set the indicator to zero; 9. to set the required frequency; 10. to tune a radio-set to a low frequency; 11. to tune a receiver to the required frequency; 12. to contain a score of parts; 13. thin films; 14. the system control; 15. the computers control; 16. within this region; 17. within this voltage; 18. to achieve good results; 19. to achieve high reliability; 20. to find the difference in pressure; 21. to find unique properties
IX. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода независимого причастного оборота:
1. The fundamentals of electricity are the fundamentals of electronics, both being branches of physics.
2. The condenser being placed in a direct current circuit, the current will stop flowing.
3. The velocity, length and frequency of the wave are independent of each other, the frequency being equal to the velocity divided by the wave-length.
4. The size of the electrodes being increased, the current capacity also increases, the voltage output remaining the same.
X. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем:
Capacitors1
A capacitor is one of the main elements of a circuit. It is used to store2 electric energy. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. The main parts of a capacitor are metal plates and insulators. The function of insulators is to isolate the metal plates and in this way to prevent3 a short4. There are two common types of capacitors nowadays: a fixed capacitor and a variable capacitor. The plates of a fixed capacitor cannot be moved; for the reason5 its capacity does not change. The plates of a variable capacitor moving, its capacity changes. The greater the distance between the plates, the less is the capacity of a capacitor. Variable capacitors are commonly used by radiomen; their function is to change the frequency in the circuit. Fixed capacitors are applied in telephone and radio work. Fixed capacitors have insulators produced of paper, ceramics and other materials; variable capacitors have air insulators. Paper capacitors are commonly used in radio and electronics; their advantage6 is their high capacity; it may be higher than 1,000 picofarad.
Пояснения к тексту
1. Capacitors — Конденсаторы
2. to store — хранить, накапливать
3. to prevent — предотвратить
4. a short — короткое замыкание
5. for the reason — по этой причине
6. advantage — преимущество
XI. Переведите, пользуясь словарем:
The Incandescent Lamp
The first incandescent lamp for practical use was made in 1872 by a Russian inventor Alexander Lodygin. In his lamp he fixed a small carbon rod of about 2 mm in diameter between two copper conductors. To protect the rod from burning was of prime importance. For this purpose the lamp's air envelope was evacuated. Vacuum at the time, however, was not perfect and as a result Lodygin's first lamps were short-lived, their lifebeing measured in hours.
Lodygin made his first lamps with a metal filament using for the purpose metals with high melting point, such as tungsten, molybdenum, osmium. A few years later Thomas Edison, the American inventor, improved lamps with a metal filament. In particular he suggested providing lamps with a screw-type base and invented the lamp holder, the switch and other elements of the lighting network.
Today the filament of an incandescent lamp is twisted into a spiral. The melting point of tungsten being 3,300°, it can be heated to 3,0000. At this temperature, however, tungsten begins to evaporate energetically, the filament becomes thinner until it finally burns through. To avoid rapid evaporation of tungsten, lamps today are filled with chemically inert gas, i. e., argon or krypton.
To connect the lamp to a circuit, it is screwed into a holder. Its spring contact comes into contact with the lamp base and its screw thread holds the lamp in the proper position.
Industry manufactures incandescent lamps for 220 and 127 V (for lighting networks), 50 V (for railway wagons), 12 and 6 V (for motor-cars), 3.5 and 2.5 V (for pocket torches).
УРОК 6
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
I. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Содержащие инфинитив в функции определения:
1. The designer must test the system to be used in the laboratory.
2. Cells to be connected in parallel should be of the same type and voltage.
3. The method of qualitative analysis to be used depends on the nature of the substances to be analyzed.
4. The engineers have been given the design of a new transformer to be considered next week.
5. The students selected all the units to be used in the experiment.
6. A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a circuit.
7. When the currents to be measured are very small, you should use a galvanometer.
8. The task of the scientists is to construct powerful relays to be used in the communication satellites.
9. The scientists should know all the characteristics of a new atomic reactor to be constructed in this region.
10. The computer to be used for performing these operations was designed in Minsk.
11. The students must know all fundamental designs to be applied in radio engineering.
12. The station to be used for this purpose performs various functions.
13. The transmitter to be constructed will operate on various frequencies.
II. * Прочтите предложения, укажите номера предложений, в которых слово “one” является подлежащим, и переведите все предложения:
1. One knows that the production of TV sets in the USSR has greatly increased.
2. The second receiver was more powerful than the first one.
3. A secondary cell is one which can be charged again.
4. The induced charge is always the opposite of the inducing one.
5. This d-c supply is more powerful than that one.
6. An isotropic medium is one whose properties are the same in all directions.
7. The results of these experiments are much better than those of the previous ones.
8. One can obtain hydrogen by decomposing water electrolysis.
9. One considers that the results of the experiment are of great importance for the future development of radio engineering.
10. While carrying out this experiment, one should take all these factors into consideration.
11. When the current is small, one should use a galvanometer.
12. One knows that the electric cell is a device for converting chemical energy into electrical one.
13. To measure the value of power one is to use a wattmeter.
14. One should know that a farad is a very large unit.
15. The devices that are identical with those described above will be used in this experiment.
16. This machine is more powerful than that operating in our laboratory.
17. The physics of bodies at rest is much simpler than that of bodies in motion.
18. We must use the methods that will be more efficient.
III. Прочитайте слова и группы слов:
important things, important problems; an engine, an engineer ^endgi'ma], engineering, electrical engineering; (to) consider, considering engineering problems, considerable voltage, considerably, consideration, to take into consideration; ampere t'aempea], ampere turns; ammeter ['aemita]; a source, energy sources; armature fccmatjug], armature coil, a rotating armature coil, through the armature coil; (to) measure, measurement, a measuring Instrument; proportion, proportional, proportional to the. current flowing through the armature coil; actual ['aektjual], in actual use [s], actual measurements, actually.
TEXT
METERS
1. One of the important things that an engineer should take into consideration is "how much?". 2. How much current is this circuit carrying? 3. What is the value of voltage in the circuit? 4. What is the value of resistance? 5. In fact, to measure the current and the voltage is not difficult at all. 6. One should connect an ammeter or a voltmeter to the circuit and read off the amperes and the volts.
7. The ammeter is used to measure the value of current. 8. When the ammeter is used, the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it. 9. One should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected to the positive terminal of the source; the negative terminal — to the negative terminal of the source.
10. The ammeter should be connected in series. 11. The readings on the scale show the measured value.
12. Common ammeters for d-c measurements are the ammeters of the magneto-electric system. 13. In an ammeter of this type an armature coil rotates between the poles of a permanent magnet; but the coil turns only through a small angle. 14. The greater the current in the coil, the greater is the force, and, therefore, the greater the angle of rotation of the armature. 15. The deflection is measured by means of a pointer connected to the armature and the scale of the meter reads directly in amperes.
16. When the currents to be measured are very small, one should use a galvanometer. 17. Some galvanometers detect and measure currents as small as 10-11 of an ampere per 1 mm of the scale.
18. A voltmeter is a device to be used for measuring the potential difference between any two points in a circuit. 19. The voltmeter has armatures that move when an electric current is sent through their coils. 20. The deflection, like that of an ammeter, is proportional to the current flowing through the armature coil.
21. A voltmeter must have a very high resistance since it passes only very small currents which will not disturb the rest of the circuit. 22. An ammeter, on the other hand, must have a low resistance, since all the current must pass through it. 23. In actual use the ammeter is placed in series with the circuit, while the voltmeter is placed in parallel with that part of the circuit where the voltage is to be measured.
24. In addition to instruments for measuring current and voltage, there are also devices for measuring electric power and energy.
Слова для запоминания
n armature, coil, deflection, rest, scale, series, terminal
v carry, disturb, read off
a permanent
prep in addition to
Слова для повторения
n angle, point, source
v point out, send (sent) through, turn
a actual, common
prep through, by means of
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
IV. Прочтите и переведите предложения:
1. New methods are to be used in testing the equipment.
2. New methods to be used in testing the equipment will be very efficient.
3. The operator is to use new methods in testing the equipment.
4. The transistors to be produced must be of small size and weight.
5. The engineers are to construct transistors which will be of small size and weight.
6. The student's task was to construct a simple transistor.
7. He is to tune the receiver to a definite frequency.
8. The receiver to be tuned to a definite frequency will operate very well.
9. To tune the receiver to a definite frequency was the first task of the operator.
10. To tune the receiver to a definite frequency you should turn a switch.
11. This receiver is to be tuned to a definite frequency.
12. The problem of flight control is to be finally solved.
13. To solve the problem of flight control is the designers' prime task.
14. The problem to be solved will help designers in constructing control systems.
15. To solve the problem of flight control the engineer has to take many factors into consideration.
V.* Прочтите, укажите номер формы, соответствующей каждому предложению, и переведите предложения:
1. There are many problems... in order to understand these phenomena (1. are solved; 2. to be solved; 3. are to solve).
2. The quantities to be measured... in this experiment (1. are to use; 2. to be used; 3. will be used).
3. The substances… are very sensitive, to light (1, are used; 2. are to used; 3. to be used).
4. The engineers… powerful amplifiers to be used at this plant (1. to construct; 2. are to construct; 3. to be constructed).
5. The experiment... at our laboratory is to give interesting data (1. is to carry out; 2. to be carried out; 3. to carry out).
6. The oscillations... in the antenna are weak (1. are to be produced; 2. to be produced; 3. to produce).
VI. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции слова “turn”:
1. The body turns around the axis.
2. The first coil has more turns than the second one.
3. The primary coil is connected to the voltage source, the secondary coil in its turn is connected to the load resistance and supplies energy to the load.
4. In case the secondary coil has more turns than the primary one, the output voltage is greater than the input voltage.
5. The number of turns of the coil depends on its function,
6. When the tube operates, the cathode emits electrons; the plate in its turn collects them and the grid controls the electrons flow.
VII. * Определите по суффиксам, к каким частям речи относятся слова, и переведите их:
1. deflector; 2. deflection; 3. reflector; 4. reflection; 5. detector; 6. detection; 7. armature; 8. curvature; 9. disturbance; 10. importance; 11. actual; 12. natural; 13. mutual; 14. measurement; 15. improvement; 16. establishment; 17. requirement; 18. connection; 19. definition; 20. determination; 21. conversion; 22. excursion
VIII. * Прочтите и переведите сочетания слов:
1. a deflecting pointer; 2. the deflection of rays; 3. to point the direction; 4. a point on the diagram; 5. a thermometer's scale; 6. readings of the scale; 7. actual readings of the scale; 8. negative terminals; 9. connected with negative terminals; 10. to disturb the reception; 11. to disturb radio communication; 12; air disturbances; 13. a turning armature; 14. an iron armature; 15. a magnetic coil; 16. through this distance; 17. through the field; 18. turns of a coil
IX. Прочтите и переведите предложения:
1. The length of the antenna should be such that it will operate on its fundamental wave-length.
2. When the ammeter is used, the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it.
3. A rheostat is used to change the resistance of circuits, and in this way to vary the value of current.
4. The most common way of converting sound into electricity is to use a crystal microphone or a ceramic one.
5. To determine the volume of a gas at a definite temperature is not difficult.
6. One should know that voltage applied to your body may result in an electric shock.
7. The value of the resistance to be used will depend on the amount of plate current that passes through the rectifier.
8. To convert heat directly into electricity was the main purpose.
9. The amount of energy to be released by this radioactive material will be easily calculated.
10. The property of a quartz crystal is to change its dimensions under the: influence of electricity.
11. To determine the parameters of the upper atmosphere was the main purpose of investigation.
12. The students had to make an armature and use it in the laboratory experiment.
13. One should know that a resistor is one of the most common elements of any circuit.
14. The sensitivity of a new radio-set is better than that of an old one.
X. * Укажите дробью номер вопроса (числитель) и номер предложения из текста, которое является ответом на него (знаменатель):
1. How should the ammeter be connected?
2. What is a voltmeter?
3. Why must a voltmeter have a very high resistance?
4. What resistance must an ammeter have?
5. For what purpose is the ammeter used?
6. What do the readings on the scale of the ammeter show?
7. How is the deflection of the ammeter measured?
8. In what way is the ammeter placed with the circuit in actual use?
XI. Переведите, не пользуясь словарем: