Put down the corresponding English words.
1. They stayed (в помещении)_____________ (из-за) the rainy weather.
2. People build houses (так как) they need (убежище).
3. People's activity takes place both (в доме)___ and (на улице).
4. Sanitary accommodation (избавление от отбросов) are provided by modern services.
5. Accommodations are (планируются заранее) and located on a site plan.
7. Combine the given attributes (a) with the nouns (b); translate the new word combinations.
Model: civil construction - гражданское строительство
(a) civil (b) branches
main pool
sporting enterprises
housing facilities
industrial construction
different materials
military swimming
Which of the materials listed below are natural, artificial?
Metal, stone, brick, concrete, gravel, wood, sand, timber, iron
9. Which of the properties of construction materials may be classified as advantageous? disadvantageous?
high cost fire-resistance non-fire-resistance
low resistance low cost high strength
high weight durability corrosion-resistance
heavy weight hardness softness
10. Answer the following questions:
1. Why do people need shelter?
2. What kind of services and accommodation do modern people need and use?
3. What branches of modern civil construction do you know?
4. Do you attend any sporting facilities?
5. What sporting facilities do you attend?
6. How often do you attend them?
7. Do you attend them regularly?
8. Do you want to take part in modern civil construction?
9. What branches of modern civil construction are you interested in?
10. Into what groups can construction materials be divided?
11. What are the advantages (disadvantages) of wood, stone, metals?
12. What two groups are metals divided into?
1. What is the difference between ferrous and non-ferrous metals?
THE HOUSE
1. Read the text below attentively and translate it:
1. Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the building materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the world were made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the Earth was covered with forests. Men tied together the tops of several trees and covered them with the skins of animals or with leaves and grass. So a tent, or hut, was the first house of the primitive people who lived where there was much wood.
In other regions the most convenient building material was stone. Men began building houses out of stone very long ago. Although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of them still exist.
It appears that the most ancient homes on the territory of Russia were earthenhouses. One such home was discovered near Voronezh in 1927. It consisted of a shallow hole of oval shape. The floor was covered with limestone slabs. The roof had been conical and stood on poles (столб) covered by branches or animal skins. Such dwellings existed in that part of the country in the Upper Paleolithic Period (from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago).
2. The ancient Egyptians built very simple houses, by present standards. Having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four walls, and above these they placed a flat roof. The roof was flat because there was very little rain in Egypt. Although their buildings were simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building was very beautiful. Their pyramids and monuments, sphinxes and palaces arouse our admiration to this day. An important part in the history of building has been played by the column, and it was ancient Egypt that gave the world its first lessons in the art of making columns.
The Greeks learned much from Egypt. But they did not borrow the flat roof. They built a slanting roof because there was much rain in their country. The Greeks made the roof slant in two directions from the middle. They also improved on Egypt's columns and soon became the teachers of the world in column making.
The Romans, in turn, learned much from the Greeks. First of all they borrowed the slanting roof and the columns. But they added the arch, thus adding much strength and beauty to their buildings.
3. In Ancient Russia architecture flourished for the first time in Kiev Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the church buildings of that period have remained, among them the famous Cathedral of St Sophia, the cornerstone of which was laid in 1037 to commemorate the victory over the Pechenegs. The churches of that time were strong buildings with thick walls and small windows. They often had to serve as fortresses against enemy invasions. During the Second World War the finest ancient architectural monuments were destroyed and great effort has gone into restoring them.
4. In the Middle Ages in Europe numerous wars between different nations caused great damages to the houses of crowded Medieval towns. Therefore many monarchs and nobles built castles as a form of defence. Those castles had very strong walls, narrow windows and projecting fortifications.
5. The Renaissance, which was a European movement, lasted roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. During this period, arts and sciences underwent great changes. In architecture these changes were marked by a return to classical forms and proportions of ancient Roman buildings.
6. Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of new materials and by a great diversity of architectural styles. From the end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as alternatives to wood, for by that time many countries experienced shortage of this material. Later the Industrial Revolution brought mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a factory and then simply assembled at a site.
7. The 20th century is notable for widespread use of steel - reinforced concrete. Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated factory premises are brought to the site which becomes something like an assembly shop. This technique has many advantages over other building methods. First of all it cuts the labour needed for building by 60 to 70% and extends the building season what is very important for countries where winter lasts for many months. Furthermore the duration of building is greatly cut. All this makes the building process less expensive and much less labourous.
Architecture of the 20th century is characterized by very high buildings particularly skyscrapers - and by great diversity of styles which completely differ from those of the past.
Learn the vocabulary.
limestone slab - известняковая плита
were simply assembled at a site - просто собирались на строительной площадке
reinforced concrete - железобетон
heated factory premises - отапливаемые заводские помещения
assembly shop - сборочный цех
skyscrapers - небоскребы
3. Translate into English:
To be made of wood, the skins of animals, primitive people, convenient building material, earthenhouses, a shallow hole, dwellings, the Upper Paleolithic Period, the ancient Egyptians, the Egyptian art of building, column making, to commemorate the victory, enemy invasions, great damages to the houses, castles as a form of defence, to undergo great changes, classical forms and proportions of ancient Roman buildings, a great diversity of architectural styles, mass-production of building parts, huge reinforced concrete units.
4. Translate into English:
Строительные материалы, древние дома, плоская крыша, история строительства, церковные здания, древние архитектурные памятники, новые материалы, широкое использование стали, очень высокие здания, простые в конструкции, по нынешним стандартам, строить дома из камня.
5. Answer the following questions:
1. What were the first houses made of in many parts of the world?
2. What was the most convenient building material in other regions? 3. What were the most ancient homes on the territory of Russia?
4. When did earthenhouses exist in our country?
5. What kind of houses were built in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome?
6. When was the cornerstone of the famous Cathedral of St Sophia laid?
7. Why did monarchs and nobles build castles in the Middle Ages in Europe?
8. What kind of changes were in architecture during the Renaissance?
9. How are buildings of the 19th century characterized?
10. What building materials are used in the 20th century?
11. What is architecture of this periodis characterized by?