Now prepare a similar program for one of the activities in the morning using the following structures: while loops, until loops, if-else, etc.

Language work

Relative clauses with a participle

Relative clauses with a participle are often used in technical descriptions. They allow you to provide a lot of information about a noun using as few words as possible. We often use –ing and –ed clauses after there is/ there are. For example: There are only three necessary control structures needed to write programs: sequence, selection, and iteration. A clause is a part of a sentence. Some clauses begin with –ing or –ed. Study these examples from the text: 1. Function main() consisted of a sequence of lines 2. The most common control structures used in C++ code 3. A control structure using the break statement 4. The control structure allowing choice among different directions

We can use the passive participle as in examples 1 and 2.   1. Function main() consisted of a sequence of lines = function which is consisted 2. The most common control structures used in C++ code = control structures which are used   We can use the active participle as in examples 3 and 4.   3. A control structure using the break statement = structure which uses the break statement 4. The control structure allowing choice among different directions = structure which allows choice among different directions

Task 5. Complete these definitions with the correct participle of the verb given in brackets.

1. Software engineering is the processes (involve) in writing computer software such as designing, coding and testing programs.
2. Programming standards are rules (follow) by computer programmers who are working in a team so that their work can be understood by other programmers.
3. Iteration is the process of a computer (execute) a command or statement again and again until a result is obtained.
4. GOTO instruction is a high-level programming language instruction (cause) a jump to another place in the program.
5. While loop is a block of statements in a computer programming language (execute) again and again if a test at the start of the block shows that the execution should happen.
6. Control structure is one or more statements in a programming language (control) how the program is executed.

Task 6. Link these statements using a relative clause with a participle.

1. The software company sent me a brochure. The brochure contained all the information I needed.
2. High-level languages are more efficient. High-level languages allow the programmer to express with one statement what would take several commands in machine language.
3. External documentation is the printed set of instructions. They describe how to operate the program.
4. Most computer installations have a standard language. It is used by their programmers.
5. In addition to the traditional languages, organizations may choose to generate programs. The organizations use data base management systems. The programs use the query language of the DBMS.
6. Many organizations have a substantial number of computers in operation. Computers are located far apart.
7. Expert systems are software packages. They are designed to assist humans in situations in which an expert in a specific area is required.
8. Expert systems will be able to infer answers from sets of data. They emulate humanlike thought processes.
9. Graphics was an esoteric specialty. It involves expensive display hardware, substantial computer resources, and idiosyncratic software.
10. The letters are stored in a subdirectory. This subdirectory is called ‘correspondence’ on the C drive.

Translation

Task 7. Match the terms with the correct definition or explanation:

1. Structured programming   2. Implementation   3. Algorithm   4. Description   5. Pseudocode   6. Subdirectory   7. Computer program   8. Code

a) a set of unambiguous rules to solve a problem in a definite number of steps b) code that contains a combination of a programming language such as C, and natural language such as English c) a directory that is inside another directory d) the act of starting to use a plan or computer system e) a general term for computer programming instructions f) a statement that explains what something looks like, or how it behaves g) a method of designing a computer program so that it is easy to understand, change and maintain h) a set of instructions that can be understood by a computer and perform a certain task or function