Task 11. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Если вам удалось написать программу, в которой транслятор не обнаружил ошибок, обратитесь к системному программисту – он исправит ошибки в трансляторе.
2. В природе программирования лежит то, что нет соотношения между "размерами" самой ошибки и проблем, которые она влечет.
3. Если отладка – процесс удаления ошибок, то программирование должно быть процессом их внесения.
4. Машинная программа выполняет то, что вы приказали ей делать, а не то, что бы вы хотели, чтобы она делала.
5. Сложность программы растет до тех пор, пока не превысит способности программиста.
6. Если бы архитекторы строили здания так, как программисты пишут программы, то первый залетевший жук разрушил бы цивилизацию.
7. Никогда не выявляйте в программе ошибки, если вы не знаете, что с ними делать дальше.
8. Большинство существующих программ создается исключительно для нужд компьютера – для того, чтобы работало нужное человеку меньшинство.

Task 12. Work in pairs and translate the following poem by Gene Ziegler into Russian.

A programmers

0A young programmers began to work online,

One didn’t pay for Internet, and then there were 9.

9 young programmers used copies that they made,

But one was caught by FBI, and then there were 8.

8 young programmers discussed about heaven,

One said, “It’s Windows 95”, and then there were 7.

7 young programmers found bugs they want to fix,

But one was fixed by the bug, and then there were 6.

6 young programmers were testing the hard drive,

One got the string “Format complete”, and then there were 5.

5 young programmers were running the FrontDoor,

The BBS of one was hacked, and then there were 4.

4 young programmers worked using only C,

One said some good about Pascal, and then there were 3.

3 young programmers didn’t know what to do,

One tried to call the on-line help, and then there were 2.

2 young programmers were testing what they done,

One got a virus in his brain, and then there were 1.

1 young programmer was as mighty as a hero,

But tried to speak with users, and then there were 0.

Boss cried: “Oh, where is the program we must have?!”

And fired one programmer, and then there were FF.

Unit 3. Programming Languages

Warm-up

Task 1. Read the saying below and mull it over in pairs.

Alan Perlis once said: “A language that does not affect the way you think about programming is not worth knowing”.

Task 2. Can you identify these programming languages?

A.   10 REM Program to compute integer sum 20 MAXINT% = 32767 30 TOTAL# = 0# 40 PRINT “This program calculates the sum of all integers” 50 PRINT “from 1 to whatever integer you specify.” 60 PRINT “Enter any positive integer up to “MAXINT%”:”; 70 INPUT NUMBER 80 IF (NUMBER > 0) AND (NUMBER <= MAXINT) THEN GOTO 90 ELSE GOTO 150 90 FOR COUNT% = 1 TO NUMBER 100 TOTAL# = TOTAL# + COUNT% 110 NEXT COUNT% 120 PRINT “The sum of all integers from 1 to ”NUMBER 130 PRINT “is “TOTAL# 140 GOTO 160 150 PRINT “This number is out of bounds!” 160 END

B.   /*numbercount.c*/ #include <stdio.h> #define MAXINT 32767   main () { int count, number; long int total;   total = 0; printf(“This program calculates the sum of all integers\n”); printf(“from 1 to whatever integer you specify.\n”); printf(“Enter any positive integer up to %d:”,MAXINT); scanf(“%d”,&number); if (number > 0 && number <= MAXINT) for (count = 1; count <=number; count++) total = total + count; printf(“The sum of all integers from 1 to %d\n”,number); printf(“is % d\n”,total); else printf(This number is out of bounds! \n”); }

C.   Program Number Count (input, output);   var count, number: integer; total: real;   begin total :=0.0; write|n (‘This program calculates the sum of all integers’); write|n (‘from 1 to whatever integer you specify.’); write (‘Enter any positive integer up to ’,maxint,’:’); read|n (number); if (number > 0) and (number <=maxint) then begin for count = 1 to number do total := total + count; write|n (‘The sum of all integers from 1 to ‘,number); write|n (‘is ‘,total) end else writein (‘This number is out of bounds!’) end.

Reading

Task 3. Read the text and fill in the gaps using the list of words below.

Programming languages

Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right 1) …… for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the 2) ……, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, C++, Visual Basic, etc., depending on the type of problem to be solved. A program written in one of these languages is often called a 3) ……, and it cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into 4) …….

In some languages, an interpretable p-code binary is generated, rather than machine language. It is also possible for the 5) …… to write directly in machine code, but this is hardly ever done anymore: instead, when complete low-level control of the target computer is required, programmers resort to 6) ……, whose instructions are mnemonic one-to-one transriptions of the corresponding machine language instructions.

Different programming languages support different styles of programming (called 7) ……), some of which are better suited for a particular task than others. They also require different levels of detail to be handled by the programmer when implementing algorithms, often resulting in a compromise between ease of use and performance.

The program produced after the source program has been converted into machine code is referred to as an 8) …… or object module. This is done by a computer program called the 9) ……, which is unique for each computer.

The compiler is a system program which may be written in any language, but the computer’s operating system is a true systems program which controls the central processing unit, the input, the output, and the secondary memory devices. Another systems program is the 10) ……, which fetches required systems routine and links them to the object module (the source program in machine code). The resulting program is then called the 11) ……, which is the program directly executable by the computer. Although systems programs are part of the software, they are usually provided by the 12) …… of the machine.

1. programming paradigm 2. assembly language 3. high-level languages 4. source program

5. linkage editor 6. machine code 7. object program 8. load module

9. programmer 10. manufacturer 11. instructions 12. compiler

Listening

Task 4. You are going to hear a lecture about programming languages. Listen carefully and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information in the recording.

All languages discussed are high level languages. A computer program is a sequence of instructions which are executed simultaneously. One can hardly understand a machine code. Assembly languages are very useful when one requires a high speed of command execution. FORTRAN 77 was designed to write highly structured programs. FORTRAN is quite suitable to be used in business environment. Only the originator can make changes in a program written in COBOL. COBOL instructions are of the same size as FORTRAN ones. Originally the major application of BASIC was in education. Manufacturers started using BASIC after the introduction of microcomputers.

T / F T / F   T / F T / F   T / F T / F T / F   T / F T / F T / F