Entitle the text and translate it.

Интернет часто рассматривается новичками как большая информационная «свалка» (1). Но, чтобы им помочь сориентироваться в огромном количестве фактов, существуют различные поисковые системы (2), тематические сайты (3) и т. д. Имеются и такие коллекторы информации как энциклопедия (4). Благодаря им, вам не нужно искать по сайтам необходимую информацию. Вам нужно только по взятому из Интернета адресу найти интересующую вас тематическую энциклопедию и прочитать все, что интересует по данной теме.

В сети имеются как универсальные (5) так и специализированные энциклопедии(6).

В качестве примера можно привести сайт Кирилла и Мефодия (http://www.km.ru). Здесь вы можете найти энциклопедию и, кроме того, 25 тематических разделов (7). Поиск ведется по тематическому слову или словосочетанию (8). В результате вы получаете ссылки (9) на тематические разделы, а затем и на статьи в самой энциклопедии. Например, при вводе слова «мышка» вам будут предложены статьи из разделов «Животные» и «Компьютеры».

Кроме того, на сайте вы имеете возможность принимать участие в конференции. В вашем распоряжении (10) доска объявлений, информация о новостях, погоде, валюте (11). Можно сказать, что это лучшая в России интернет-энциклопедия (12). Все ее статьи –абсолютно эксклюзивный материал.

Другой пример: Britannica (www.Britannica.com). Это огромная универсальная англоязычная энциклопедия. Она представлена без сокращений (13). Энциклопедия состоит из 2 частей: «Micropedia» и «Macropedia». Сначала вы получаете краткую информацию из «Micropedia», а затем, если нужно, из «Macropedia». Многочисленные ссылки на статьи из книг и журналов позволяют вам получить исчерпывающую информацию (14) по вашему вопросу.

(1) information dust-bin;

(2) data retrieval systems;

(3) topic sites;

(4) encyclopedia;

(5) general encyclopedia;

(6) specialized encyclopedia;

(7) thematic sections;

(8) word combination;

(9) references;

(10) at your disposal;

(11) currency;

(12) virtual encyclopedia;

(13) without shortening;

(14) exhaustive information.

Word-study

Exercise 1. Check the transcription in the dictionary and read the words listed below:

Nouns:

adherent, agency, audience, client, colleague, comprehensibility, diagram, drawing, finding, medium, pamphlet, product, purpose, sphere.

Verbs:

ignore, overview, process, fragment, present, range, evaluate.

Adjectives:

frequent, spiritual, visual, comprehensible, multiple, valuable.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the collocations.

It's worth considering, as easily understandable as possible, supplier's support staff, care about the information, to learn from the experience of the others, to browse through the Web.

Exercise 3. Make different parts of speech from the following words according to the model.

Verb + ion = noun:

distribute, complete, evaluate, disseminate.

Verb + ible/able = adjective:

comprehend, understand, program.

Adjective + (il)ity = noun:

capable, comprehensible, possible.

Adjective + ly = adverb:

former, graphical, full, easy, frequent, expensive, visual, like, public.

Exercise 4. Remember and explain the terms.

Benefit, crucial event, font choices, desktop publishing files, software patches, online graphic.

Exercise 5. Match the synonyms.

Verbs:

1) update	a) propose
2) resort	b) connect
3) to employ	c) modernize
4) offer	d) ask for
5) click on	e) be useless
6) link up	f) provide
7) supply	g) turn on
	h) to use

Nouns:

1) mode	a) aim
2) finding	b) environment
3) purpose	d) textbook
4) tool	e) client
5) tutorial	f) discovery
6) medium	g) instrument
7) customer	h) way
	i) distribution
	j) capability
	k) creation

Chapter III

TEXT I

Comprehensive reading

The italicized sentences are to be translated into Russian

USES OF THE WEB

The fact that the Web is being widely used for multiple purposes is without question. But before over-viewing its benefits it is worth considering one fact that became a crucial event for it. The question is about a new mode of presenting information. Before, over the Internet and other wide area networks, the text has been the main mode of presentation. The Web changed that. Now the information could be presented in graphical format, complete with font choices and incorporated drawings, photographs, tables and other multimedia elements. These graphical elements offered different kinds of information and information providers were able to search precisely suitable elements. The result of these innovations is that the Web’s capabilities are increasing, its information becomes more comprehensible too. Of course the work has to be done right and those who care about their information perfectly know how to do it.

The Web clients become more and more numerous to display fully formatted word processing and desktop publishing files.

One of the first to use the Web was science. Dissemination of research and scientific findings has always been one of the purposes of the Internet and of the Web project at CERN in Switzerland. Today the Web is used as a tool of exchanging scientific information as it has been considered to do. But perhaps more important is that the Web is used to make research discoveries available to the general public, most of this information being presented so that it becomes as easy understandable as possible. Publicly funded research agencies are interested in making their work known to the public, in finding new ways to place their information. Booklets and pamphlets distributed through mailing are expensive and usually ignored. The Web is the best way out of the problem. Now on a well-designed HTML page a user can demonstrate its activities graphically and these pages can be updated inexpensively and frequently.

Providing services for clients as to technical documents, software patches and answers to frequently asked questions is another benefit of the Web using. Customers with a Web access are able to take care of their own information needs without resorting to the help of supplier's support staff.

Many other services of this kind are likely to be developed for making the Web more friendly to users. For example, the possibility of Web based tutorials offering step-by-step procedures for installation a new piece of equipment or for programming your VCR. Well designed, this service is certain to be better than a usual, tech support phone call because it shows, rather than tells, the customer what to do and how to do.

It should be noted that these Web applications are not a one-way link. Customers need to know that they are not forgotten and that there is a place where they can learn from the experiences of other customers. It becomes possible due to HTML forms to provide a feedback and to answer questions on products. The latter is especially valuable in products ordering. Now there are many who are interested in this service rendered by the Web, and it is despite of the discussion as to the Web's security for credit cards use.

Why is the Web shopping so attractive? Imagine you can find a variety of products ranging from flowers to books for your music CDs, and all this by browsing through the Web and without leaving your home. Moreover, unlike home shopping on TV, you needn't sit through the other products that are of no use for you in order to find the item your have been looking for.

Shopping on the Web is like walking into a shopping mall (by the way, «mall» is the name given to many Web offerings). There is only one thing for the customer to do: click on the shop you want, turn on the online graphic to see a picture of the chosen product and address to the order forms page to do the ordering. Such services are expected to be more often used.

At last, such spiritual part of human activity as creative arts is not aside from the Web pages. People in creative arts are often regarded as adherent to traditional forms of arts and resistant to new technologies. However, it would be an erroneous opinion, because throughout the history people of arts have always been among the first to adopt new technologies to their work. Such examples as printing press or MIDI witness it.

Therefore, it is quite natural that the artists consider WWW to be a new medium suitable for presenting their works and for linking up with their colleagues. Now we see galleries of new visual art to appear online or the presentation of artworks that are asked to be evaluated by the Web users. As to creative writing, it becomes frequent on the Web and includes interactive stories, illustrated texts and even Web-based drama. The Web attracts artists by an inexpensive way of presenting their work and a built-in global audience. This is something about which artists could only dream before. Of course, there are some arts that couldn't be placed on Web sites. But it may be a matter of future.

Notes:

creative writings – литературные произведения;

tech support – техническая помощь;

visual art – изобразительное искусство;

mall – большой торговый центр.

Comprehension check

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What information does the text give you about the crucial event that enabled the Web to be widely used?

2. What are the reasons for scientists to use the Web so widely?

3. What services make the Web so user-friendly?

4. What other services, not mentioned in the text, could you cite?

5. What creative arts can be found today on the Web pages?

6. What other arts might be placed on the Web sites in future?

Exercise 2. Topics for discussion.

1. Is Web-shopping really attractive? Why?

2. Would you prefer to read fiction on the Web site or in a traditional way?

3. Are you a Web sites customer? If so, in what way is it beneficial to you?

Exercise 3. Arrange the sentences in their logical sequence, using so, as a result, after, before, etc.

1. Cruise lines have Web pages showing various types of cruises.

2. These pages offer information concerning tours and hotel accommodations as well as forms of transportation.

3. Planning a vacation becomes now much easier.

4. Many cities sponsor Web pages as well.

5. Many Web sites can help you in planning your travel or give you ideas of places you should visit.

6. You can learn about restaurants, sightseeing and shopping opportunities.

Language activity

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying special attention to the word «the latter».

1. New forms of the text provided feedback to customers, the latter being especially valuable in products ordering.

2. The software may be used to send the contents of the screen to a speech synthesizer, and the latter converts the screen contents into spoken words.

3. With e-mail it becomes possible to send information and to receive the answer almost immediately. The latter becomes especially beneficialfor business decision-making.

4. The Internet has brought both financial and communicational benefits, the latter being especially important.

Exercise 2. Summarize your knowledge on the Infinitive.

Translate the sentences into Russian. Point out the Infinitives.

1. To transform the Net from academic backwaters into the global Web was the aim Berners-Lee decided to achieve.

2. The text to be translated with a computer shouldn't be too long.

3. His knowledge of the subject was deep enough to encourage the colleagues for future cooperation.

4. To use the Internet to conduct a real business has become every businessperson's need.

5. The aim was to have all the nets integrated in one system.

6. To start business a company needs a highly sophisticated computational equipment.

7. To write computer programs, to work out data to be processed is a very time-consuming job.

8. The problem is too complicated to be solved on the spot.

TEXT II

Word-study

Exercise 1. Check the transcription in the dictionary and read the words listed below.

Nouns:

uselessness, myth, howler, target, fraught.

Verbs:

to separate, to rearrange, to suffice, to click.

Adjectives:

famous, separate, reliable, rough, source, automated, idiomatic.

Exercise 2. Match the antonyms.

Verbs:

1) suffice	a) fail
2) separate	b) produce
3) succeed	c) not to be enough
4) input	d) spend
	e) unite
	f) manage
	g) output

Adjectives:

1) reliable	a) strong
2) weak	b) exact
3) complicated	c) valuable
4) rough	d) insecure
5) modern	e) simple
	f) out of date
	g) attractive
	h) interactive

Scan-reading

TRANSLATING MACHINES

Jokes about the uselessness of machine translation abound. The Control Intelligence Agency was said to have spent millions trying to program computers to translate Russian into English. The best it managed to do was to turn the famous Russian saying «The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak» into «The vodka is good but the meat is rotten». This story is a myth. But machine translation certainly produced its share of howlers and was too much relied upon.

It was Japanese researchers who moved by the linguistic barrier that seemed sometimes to separate their country's scientists and technicians from the rest of the world made energetic steps toward a reliable machine translation. Their efforts were imitated in the West.

The earliest «translation engines» were based on a direct, so called «Transformer» approach. Input sentences of the source language were transformed directly into output sentences of the target language. At first the machine did a rough analysis of the source sentence dividing it into subject–object–verb, etc. Then source words were replaced by target words selected from a dictionary and their order was rearranged according to the rules of the target language.

These rough operations with earlier machines resulted in a simplified transformation fraught with these silly sentences so much laughed at now. Then came modern computers, which had more processing power and more memory. Their translation engines are able to adopt less direct approach, using what is called «linguistic knowledge». It is this that allowed to produce e-j bank and to succeed with «Tsunami» and «Typhoon» – the first Japanese language – translation software to run on the standard (English) version of Microsoft Windows. Linguistic knowledge translators have two sets of grammatical rules – one for the source language and one for the target language. They also have a lot of information about the idiomatic differences between the languages to stop them making silly mistakes.

Having been designed from the start for use on a personal computer rather than a powerful workstation or even a mainframe, «Tsunami» (English to Japanese) and «Typhoon» (Japanese to English) use memory extremely efficiently. As a result, they are fast on the latest PCs – translating at speed more than 30.000 words an hour. Do they produce perfect translations at the click of a mouse? Not at all. The machine translation comes at first to the hands of expert translators to get their teeth into. One mistake that the earlier researchers made was to imagine that only fully automated machine translation would suffice.

Notes:

e-j bank – Англо-Японский банк слов;

howlers – грубейшие ошибки;

polish up – улучшать;

source language – исходный язык;

target language – выходной язык;

to get teeth into – тщательно (внимательно) изучать;

workstation – рабочее место со всем компьютерным оборудованием.

Comprehension check

Exercise 1. Say what you have learned about:

a) the direct «transformer» approach in machine translation;

b) the «linguistic knowledge» method in machine translation.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What did machine translation lack since its earliest days?

2. Why have the Japanese researchers made energetic steps towards a reliable machine translation?

Exercise 3. Comment on the following statements.

1. The only purpose of machine translation is to produce a perfect translation at the click of a mouse.

2. Machine translation is to provide expert translators with good first drafts to polish up.

Language activity

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian. Point out the Subjective Infinitive Constructions.

1. The first thousand of the Net enthusiasts proved to be mainly academic and computer professionals.

2. Even the more sophisticated computational systems are unlikely to substitute the human brain.

3. CERN and MIT are known to be the first to turn towards Web development.

4. The Microsoft Corporation is considered to have become the world's biggest PC software provider.

5. The invention of microchips and new operating systems was expected to enable smaller and cheaper computers to perform difficult tasks faster.

6. The Web is stated to have created a standard that everybody could – and did – follow.

7. The boys enjoy, while looking NASA space flight transmission, to be informed what the astronauts are doing.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into Russian. Point out the Objective Infinitive Constructions.

1. Lady Byron considered computers to be basically stupid although they could seem clever.

2. We know the first computers to have represented a mass of vacuum tubes, transistors and integrated circuits.

3. Teachers expect the Centre of Education to provide them with information on programs for keeping students competitive in science and technology.

4. Businesspeople would like selling to be done anywhere via Web and other Internet resources.

5. We believe Hollerith to be the second giant after Babbage due to his «tabulating machine» to have completed the results of the 1890 US Census.

6. People involved in business know several cases of on-line fraud and computer-based espionage to have been committed.

7. Engineers know the speed of light to be the limiting speed on computers.

8. Do you know the Queen of Great Britain to become the first Head of State to use the global computer network.

TEXT III

Word-study

Exercise 1. Check the transcription in the dictionary and read the words listed below:

Nouns:

forefront, assignment, vision, pursuit, literacy, copyright, scheme.

Verbs:

pursue, encourage, to apply.

Adjectives:

typical, curious, previous, adequate, renowned, virtual.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the collocations.

Forefront of innovations, to answer assignments, vision of lifelong learning, benefit from other student’s efforts, renowned universities, previous methods, distant institutions, pursuit of knowledge, company-sponsored classrooms, decline of literacy.

Exercise 3. Match the synonyms.

Verbs:

1) pursue	a) consider
2) treat	b) concern
3) involve	c) study
4) explore	d) help
5) assist	e) use
6) apply	f) expect
	g) provide
	h) discover

Nouns:

1) assignment	a) growth
2) education	b) learning
3) power	c) forefront
4) individual	d) human
5) innovation	e) task
6) fee	f) price
	g) institution
	h) energy
	i) learning