THE DEMING GUIDE to QUALITY and COMPETITIVE POSITION

4.16.1 THE PARABLE OF THE CREAMIANS AND APAJEENS

Ø 1) Read the heading and the words from the text and guess what the text is about: bountiful, abundant, barren, to amaze, to impress, a smart job, to provide, to despair, to share, a goal, a parable.

Ø 2) Read the text and find the sentence that expresses the main idea.

Once upon a time there was a group of people who lived on an idyllic island. They were known as the Creamians, which loosely translates as “lucky ones.” The Creamians prospered; the trees on their island were bountiful; their surrounding waters were abundant with fish. They were easily able to feed their population and also to export their products to a neighboring island that was not so plentiful. The inhabitants of the second island were known as the Apajeens or “those who must work smarter.”

One day when the chief of the Creamians went to negotiate with the chief of the Apajeens, he realized the Apajeen people were decreasing their order for Creamian products. He wondered why. The Apajeen chief told him that his people “were working smarter” and soon would not need any help from the Creamians. The Creamian chief was impressed and amazed.He wondered how this could be, considering that the Apajeen island had none of the natural resources that Creamia had. Actually, as he recalled, Apajee was barren when it was settled. The Creamian chief did not understand this “working smarter” routine, so he departed Apajee assuming that next time the Apajee’s order would have to be larger.

For days the Creamian chief pondered this notion of “working smarter,” because secretly the chief had always worried about his own island and his people. He knew that some day his island’s easy abundance would run out, and then what? Several times he had tried to organize his people to try and teach them how to plant and how to navigate. Each time the response was the same. “We don’t need to learn these things; we are lucky and have trees and waters that are bountiful.” Each time the chief accepted this answer because he didn’t know what else he could say.

However, this “working smarter” idea kept nagging at the chief. He finally called his people together and again said that he wanted to teach them how to plant and navigate. Again they replied, “We don’t need to learn these things; we are lucky.” This time the chief said, “The Apajeens are “working smarter” and they don’t need so many of our products any more.” For several minutes there was silence. Many of the Creamians looked at each other, but they didn’t understand the chief’s point. The chief explained, “I think we need to learn how to “work smarter” in case our trees and waters no longer provide for us.” The Creamians laughed hysterically. They even joked that maybe the chief had lost his mind or was spending too much time with those crazy Apajeens. So the chief finally dismissed his people and tried to forget the “working smarter” issue.

The next time the Creamian chief went to Apajee he was told the Apajeens did not need anything more. As a matter of fact, they had begun to export their products to the people of other islands. The Apajeen chief reported that he had even heard that Apajee was now considered more prosperous than Creamia by other islanders. The Creamian chief was happy for the Apajeens, but he despaired for his own people. He could see that the Apajeen people were happy and had a great deal of pride in their work. They shared and worked together to achieve their goals. His people, on the other hand, were bored and only did what had to get done each day. They fought with each other over their resources and had no common purpose.

As the Creamian chief was leaving Apajee, the Apajeen chief called out, “Oh, by the way, we hear that a terrible storm is about to strike our islands.” On his way home, the chief noticed that the normally calm waters were very rough and that the wind was very powerful. He thought that the Apajeen chief was right and that he should warn his people, so they could prepare for the storm. When the chief arrived at Creamia, he told his people about the coming storm. They prepared as best they could, but after the storm their island was barren, their boats were sunk, and several islanders died.

When calm returned, those islanders who remained tried to find some fish to eat. Unfortunately, the waters surrounding their island were no longer alive with fish. The Creamians asked the chief what they could do, and he said he didn’t know what they were going to do, but he was going to Apajee where he hoped they would accept him and he could learn to “work smarter.” The people laughed and said that Apajee was probably just as barren as their island now. The chief agreed with them but he began building a raft out of driftwood anyway.

Ø 3) Choose the proper heading for this parable out of the given ones:

a)ONE THING AT A TIME.

b)THE MORE, THE BETTER.

c)NO PAINS, NO GAINS.

d)WORK SMARTER, NOT HARDER.

e)HOLD FAST TO DREAMS.

Ø 4) Fill in the gaps in this table, contrasting the two societies described in the text. Some ideas are not formulated in the text since they are clear from the context.

Society	The Creamians	The Apajeens
Place of living	an idyllic island with plenty of natural resources
The meaning of the names		those who had to work smarter
Relations	exported their products to the Apajeens
One day		the Apajeens decreased their order for the Creamian products
What both chiefs knew	some day his island’s abundance would run out
What both chiefs did		stopped importing Creamian products and started exporting their own
The reaction of the peoples	the people joked that their chief had lost his mind
What happened during the storm		No information, but most likely, they overcame the consequences of the storm, for they could work smarter.

Ø 5) Write the end of the story (one or two paragraphs).

4.16.2 THE PLIGHT OF AMERICAN INDUSTRY TODAY

Ø 1) Read the text and decide whether these questions are covered in it:

a)the reason for American industry to be second to the Japanese one,

b)the branches of American industry that are especially sick,

c)if there’s a way for American agriculture to regain its once prosperous position,

d)who is to blame in not taking into account a new economic age,

e)what country will lead in the world’s industrial development,

f)if there is any way out from this dangerous situation for American industry,

g)key questions to realize that the USA is in deep crisis.

In retrospect, that Creamian chief was quite a clever guy. He realized that he was entering a new era and that he had to adapt to it by learning new ways. He knew that he had to change his philosophy and his overall way of thinking about people and how they should work.

It’s a tragic fact of American life today that American management has not been as clever as that of the old Creamian chief. Many leaders of U.S. industry have not had the foresight to recognize that they have entered a new economic age and that a different philosophy and corporate culture are needed.

The story of the Creamians and Apajeens dramatizes the plight of a people whose natural resources are abundant. They prospered, almost in spite of themselves, without ever learning how to work together and achieve common goals. This was contrasted with a group of people who, with no natural resources, were able to work together to produce and achieve common goals and eventually surpass the group with all the resources.

This scenario is all too familiar to us. American industry, once the most productive in the world, has now taken a back seat to Japanese industry and cannot produce quality goods and compete in the marketplace. Why? American management is adrift at sea without a rudder or a sail. It doesn’t know how to get back on course. It may not even realize that it is off course. U.S. industry doesn’t know how to regain its competitive position. What’s the solution? American management must realize that we are all in a new economic age, one dominated by the production of quality goods and services at a low price rather than mass production of lower-quality products. If American managers are to steer their corporate ships, they need to transform their style of management. In this new economic age, the old management rules no longer apply. It is time for corporate America to swallow some hard medicine. It must recognize that it is sick and must seek treatment or perhaps become terminally ill and die, while other countries grow stronger and prosper.

Examples of the problems of American industry bombard us daily. We read about Japanese competition destroying the U.S. car industry, labor-management problems creating strikes, bankruptcies in the airline industry, massive lay-offs, and the concern over the quality of American goods. But more important, we accept poor quality as a way of life. We work in companies, service organizations, and governments that we know are not producing quality goods and services. This creates stress for us as managers and as workers because we know we could be doing better. This stress leads to problems on the job and personal problems such as drug and alcohol abuse or family strife. In other words, the effect of poor management is creeping into our lives and is pervasive in our culture.

Ø 2) Read the text and correct the given outline of it:

a)the state of American industry nowadays,

b)the Creamian chief,

c)the reason for the problems in American industry,

d)American management failed to recognize a new economic age,

e)the solution for getting out of the crisis,

f)the stories of two societies: one with abundance of everything, the other with no natural recourses.

4.16.3 HOW WE CAN GET BACK ON COURSE

Ø 1) Read the text and the statements. Put them in the order they are in the text:

a)there’s next to nothing worse than an unsolved problem,

b)therefore it is necessary to learn and live the management style based on the philosophy of W. Edward Deming,

c)his philosophy focuses on the never-ending improvement of all processes,

d)with higher quality and greater and greater price flexibility, you can capture the market,

e)but if you are not interested in a long-term commitment to learning growth and change you shouldn’t adhere to the Deming philosophy,

f)His philosophy is not just one of techniques that can be learned in a one day seminar or ingested in a two-hour reading.

Now that we have pointed out that the USA have a problem, you’re wondering what you can do about it. Probably part of the reason you didn’t want to acknowledge the problem in the first place was a fear of not being able to do anything about it; and let’s face it, there are very few things that are worse than an unsolvable problem.

However, there is a navigational chart that will get you back on course and guide you to your ultimate destination. Learning and living the management style of W. Edwards Deming will provide you with a holistic approach for management in which the organization is viewed as an integrated entity. It is a philosophical perspective from which a manager conducts the organization’s business on a long-term basis, a perspective that also provides guidance for day-to-day action. This philosophy is driven by the force of quality and focuses on the never ending improvement of all processes to improve quality. Dr. Deming’s philosophy plans for the achievement of a desired goal (e.g. increase profits, increase customer satisfaction, increase employment, etc.), but it doesn’t specify the goal to be achieved.

When Dr. Deming’s philosophy is accepted and lived, you can improve the processes of your system, which will necessitate less rework and will produce more quality goods for less cost. Your unit cost will decrease, and you will gain greater price flexibility. With higher quality and greater price flexibility, you can capture the market. When you capture the market, your demand goes up, your profit goes up, and you create new and more secure jobs. You will have funds for improvement, research and development, and employees. You’re probably reading this very skeptically and thinking, “Oh, this is another of those “quick fix” technique books that is good for a short period of time but doesn’t hold up over the long haul.” That couldn’t be further from the truth. Unless you are interested in a long term commitment to learning, growth, and change, you shouldn’t attempt to adhere to the Deming philosophy.

Dr. Deming’s philosophy is not problem solving, participative management, quality circles, just-in-time inventory, statistical quality control, lifetime employment, automation/robotics, or any other technique that can be learned in a one day seminar or ingested in a two-hour reading. It is a total view and way of organizational life that must be learned, relearned, and refined over time in a supportive environment. Then and only then can the tremendous benefits be reaped by the organization and by those in the system.

Ø 2) What is the most adequate summary of the text?

а)The navigational chart that will get the American economy back on course is the theory and philosophy of Dr. W. Edwards Deming. This philosophy is driven by the force of quality and never-ending improvement. It is a total view and way of organizational life.

b)Dr. Deming’s philosophy is not a problem solving, it is a total view and a way of organizational life. It is clear now that the American industry is in trouble. The remedy to make it healthy is Dr. Deming’s philosophy, the essence of which is never-ending improvement. It will be not an easy task, because they accept poor quality as a way of life.

4.16.4 WHO IS W. EDWARDS DEMING?

Ø 1) Read the text and answer the questions:

a)What is Dr. Deming?

b)What contribution did he make into the success of Japanese industry?

c)When was he invited to Japan for the first time?

d)What did he manage to convince Japanese scientists and engineers in?

e)What is the highest prize in Japan for the greatest gain in quality?

f)How was Dr. Deming awarded by Emperor Hirohito?

g)Are Dr. Deming’s methods received in the USA?

h)What kind of activities does Dr. Deming go in for except consulting?

W. Edwards Deming is an internationally renowned consultant who is best known for his work in Japan, which revolutionized Japanese quality and productivity. Dr. Deming’s philosophy and methods were largely responsible for the success of Japanese industry today.

In 1950, Dr. Deming was invited by the Union of Japanese scientists and engineers to speak to their leading industrialists who were concerned about breaking into foreign markets and about Japan’s reputation for poor quality goods. Dr. Deming convinced them, despite their reservations, that Japanese quality could be the best in the world if they instituted his methods. The industrialists took Deming’s philosophy to heart, and the rest is history.

Each year Japanese industry awards the Deming prize to the company among them that has achieved the greatest gain in quality. The award ceremony is broadcast on national television; recipients have included Nissan, Toyota, Hitachi, and Nippon Steel. In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first U.S. company to win the Deming prize. Dr. Deming holds the Second Order Medal of the Sacred Treasure, which was bestowed on him by Emperor Hirohito, for contribution to Japan’s economy.

The adoption of Dr. Deming’s methods is finally spreading in the United States. Until recently, Dr. Deming has not received the attention in the United States that he has in Japan. Now, companies such as the Nashua Corporation, the Ford Motor Company, and the Pontiac Division of General Motors are listening to Dr. Deming and are trying to change their corporate cultures to reap the benefits.

Dr. Deming’s clients have included railways, telephone companies, consumer researchers, hospitals, law firms, government agencies, and university research organizations. He has written extensively on statistics and is a professor emeritus at New York University Graduate School of Business Administration.

Ø 2) Say whether the following statements are true or false and justify your answer:

a)Dr. Deming’s work in Japan revolutionized Japanese quality and productivity,

b)Dr. Deming’s philosophy can be applied only to industry,

c)the USA industry prospered due to the application of Dr. Deming’s methods,

d)he had also written extensively on statistics,

e)Dr. Deming’s methods began finally spreading in the USA.

4.16.5 THE EXTENDED PROCESS

Ø 1) Before reading the text answer the questions:

a)Are customers always paid attention to by various organizations in our country?

b)Have you ever had to wait in a store while a shop assistant ignores you and is talking on the telephone?

c)Have you ever got a rude or indifferent answer to your question?

d)Why isn’t it possible to buy a bus ticket by phone?

e) All these examples show the negligent attitude to a customer, don’t they?

Organizations consist of manpower, methods, materials, and machines. These components make up the system and its process, within the organization.

However, under the Deming philosophy, the company’s process expands to include suppliers, customers, investors, and the community. This is known as the extended process. It starts with the needs of the consumer being communicated to the organization.

The consumer is the most important element of the extended process because customer satisfaction is the ultimate goal. Unfortunately, purveyors of goods and services seem to have forgotten that. How many times have you waited in a store while a clerk talks on the telephone and ignores you? How many times have you had to spend your own time rectifying mistakes made by others which impact on the way you do business? Organizations are not always paying attention to customers’ needs. Under the Deming philosophy, firms perform consumer research to conceive and design their products. However, this research doesn’t stop there. It is an ongoing process that determines how the products are performing and what new specifications would improve the customers’ satisfaction.

At the other end of the extended process are the firm’s suppliers. In order for the firm to produce quality goods, it not only has to surpass the customers’ specifications but it also has to communicate these needs to its suppliers. Suppliers then have to demonstrate that they are committed to providing materials that will enable the firm to surpass the customers’ needs.

Ø 2) Answer the questions on the text:

a)What components make up the system and the process within an organization according to a traditional point of view?

b)What does the company’s process include according to the Deming philosophy? What is it called?

c)What is the most important element of the extended process? Why?

d)Do all organizations pay attention to customers’ needs?

e)What is the characteristic feature of research under the Deming philosophy?

f)Who else should be taken into account, when speaking about the process, according to Dr. Deming?

4.16.6 QUALITY

Ø 1) What do you understand by the word “quality?” What role does it play in life? What place does it occupy in the processes we are engaged in?

What this all leads up to is the capstone of the Deming philosophy – quality – which is achieved through the never-ending improvement of the extended process, for which management is responsible. There are three types of quality that managers must understand if they want to improve the extended process. These are: (1) quality of design/redesign, (2) quality of conformance, and (3) quality of performance. Quality of design begins with consumer research, sales analysis, and service call analysis and leads to the determination of a prototype that meets the customer’s needs. In considering consumer’s needs, it is critical that firms look years ahead to determine what will help customers in the future. Next, specifications are constructed for the prototype and are disseminated throughout the firm and back to the suppliers. Quality of conformance is the extent to which a firm and its suppliers are able to surpass the design specifications required to meet customers’ needs. Quality of performance is the determination through research and sales/service call analysis of how the firm’s products or services are actually performing in the marketplace. Quality of performance leads to quality of redesign, and so the cycle of never-ending improvement continues.

Ø 2) Answer the questions:

a)What is the main idea of the Deming philosophy?

b)How is quality achieved?

c)What are the three types of quality that managers must understand?

d)What do the tree types of quality mean?

4.16.7 COMMON AND SPECIAL VARIATION

Ø 1) Look at the phrases taken from the article: a process varies, common variation, special variation, a change in the system, accountable for, to penalize, beyond one’s control, to differentiate, crucial, inherent. What do they mean?

Ø 2) Read the text and answer the questions:

1)What is the difference between common and special variations?

2)The common variation in a system is inherent in it, isn’t it?

3)What can the common variation be caused by?

4)What could special variation be caused by?

5)What can lead to the total achievement of quality?

6)Who and what must be involved in the process of achieving quality?

A process in a firm is like any other type of process – it varies. Consider a natural process or system such as your own appetite. Some days, you are hungrier than you typically are, and some days you eat less than you usually do, and perhaps at different times. Your system varies from day to day, to some degree. This is common variation. However, if you go on a diet or become ill, you might drastically alter your eating habits for a time. This would be a special variation because it would have been caused by a change in the system. If you hadn’t gone on a diet or become ill, your system would have continued on its former path of common variation.

Understanding the difference between common and special variation in a system is a critical element in the Deming philosophy. Management must realize that unless a change is made in the system (which only management can make), the system’s process capability will remain the same. This capability will include the common variation that is inherent in any system. Workers should not be held accountable for or be penalized for common variation; it is beyond their control. Common variation could be caused by such things as poor lighting, lack of ongoing training, or poor product design. Special variation could be caused by new materials, a broken die, or a new operator. Workers can become involved in creating and utilizing statistical methods so that common and special variations can be differentiated and process improvements can be implemented. Since variation produces more defective and less uniform products, it is crucial that managers understand how to reduce and control variation. Understanding and controlling variation can lead to the total achievement of quality.

Managers must understand that there is no easy way to change the current situation. There can be no quick results because what is needed is a continuing cycle of improved methods of manufacturing, testing, consumer research, product redesign, etc. This view extends to include the company’s vendors, customers, and investors. All must play a role in the continuing improvement of quality.

Ø 3) Say whether you agree or disagree with these statements:

a)only management can make a change in a system,

b)the common variation is inherent in any system,

c)workers (employees) should not be penalized for common variation,

d)common variation is beyond the workers’ control,

e)workers (employees) can be involved in the process of improvements,

f)achievement of improvement of quality requires improved methods of manufacturing, testing, consumer research, product redesign, etc.

4.16.8 MANAGEMENT’S AND WORKER’S RESPONSIBILITIES

Ø 1) Before reading the text, answer the following questions:

a)What are the responsibilities of management?

b)What are the responsibilities of workers (employees)?

Ø 2) Read the text and fill in the gaps in the table:

Responsibilities of managers	Responsibilities of workers and results of the introduction of Dr. Deming philosophy
1.	1. Aside from performing their jobs, they communicate to the management the information they have about the system.
2. Management is involved in never-ending improvement of the process.	2.
3.	3. Workers are afforded secure and rewarding jobs for their efforts.
4. Management must be totally committed to the change.	4.

Managers have a monumental task before them. They must take responsibility for the process and must constantly seek to improve it. They have to stop blaming each other, the workers in the system, the suppliers, and the customers.

Dr. Deming’s philosophy necessitates a fundamental change in how organizations are viewed by the people who manage them and by those who work in them. This change will be a lot more palatable for the workers because, generally, workers are aware of many of the organization’s problems and know that they are not the cause of the problems. Managers, on the other hand, must own up to their responsibility and must realize that the systems that they created perpetuate cause approximately 85 percent of the problems. NOTHING can be done about these problems unless there is a change in the system. However, workers have a responsibility in the process, aside from performing their jobs. Their responsibility is to communicate to management the information they have regarding the system. Under the Deming philosophy this is possible because workers and management learn to speak the same language, the language of statistics and process control.

A true cooperation spirit flourishes in this type of environment. Team work is a prerequisite for the firm to function and to constantly improve the process. The corporate culture changes so that the workers are no longer afraid to point out problems in the system. Management is actively involved in the never-ending improvement of the process with the workers, and workers are afforded secure and economically rewarding jobs for their efforts. Management creates the atmosphere that encourages pride of workmanship and a belief in the process of never-ending improvement. This will eventually lead to higher quality, reduced costs, and greater profitability. However, those goals can only be reached by a slow, steady, real change in the organizational environment.

Management must make a total commitment to the change and must be willing to endure and deal with the workers’ skepticism and doubts, as well as their own. These doubts have been built up over several years, in some cases lifetimes, and are not easily dispelled. Total commitment and real change, over a period of time, will be evident to the employees, and they will start to trust the new atmosphere. Management will be tested many times. If the testing is handled properly, both management and workers will emerge with a strengthened commitment and a renewed sense of purpose.

Ø 3) Answer the questions:

a)Why is it possible that workers will communicate the information about the system to management?

b)How soon will the goal to quality achievement be reached?

c)Under what circumstances will management and workers be one team with a strengthened commitment to the quality reaching goal?

4.16.9 THE FOURTEEN POINTS

Ø 1) Read the text and answer the questions:

a)What is important to the successful implementation of Dr. Deming’s philosophy?

b)What is the value of the “14 points”?

c)What will the acceptance and understanding of the “14 points” lead to?

d)Can the “14 points”, taken separately, create improvement?

e)What use of the “14 points” will transform the organization?

f)Are any of the “14 points” practiced in your organization?

Dr. Deming’s methods incorporate the use of statistical tools and a monumental change in the corporate culture. Both are important to the successful implementation of his philosophy. Dr. Deming has outlined his methods for achieving quality and productivity in his “14 points for management.” The “14 points” together provide a framework for action and give management the basis on which to formulate a plan in the absence of experience with a particular issue.

The acceptance and understanding of the “14 points” will lead to a commitment by management to change its thinking and behavior. To understand the “14 points” they must be viewed in the context of the new perspective rather than from the current viewpoint of American management. Many points are not intuitively obvious, and they appear radical to some. Although the points are presented separately and can create improvement individually, it is the synergistic implementation of all of the points that will transform an organization. Here are “the 14 points”:

1) developing the organization’s goals and philosophy,

2) understanding the philosophy of never-ending improvement,

3) replacing mass inspection with never-ending improvement,

4) changing the philosophy of purchasing,

5) improving the system,

6) instituting modern training methods,

7) supervising never-ending improvement,

8) driving out fear,

9) breaking down organizational barriers,

10) replacing numerical goals, posters, and slogans with never-ending improvement,

11) replacing management by numbers with never-ending improvement,

12) promoting pride of workmanship,

13) educating and retraining everyone,

14) structuring for never-ending improvement.

Ø 2) Translate “the 14 points” into Russian in writing.

4.16.10 HOW TO SELECT THE RIGHT STATISTICIAN

Ø 1) Before reading the text answer the suggested questions:

a)What does a statistician do?

b) Does your organization have a position of a statistician?

c)What are his/her qualifications?

d)What is the role of a statistician in your organization?

e)What are the qualities of his/her personality?

Ø 2) Look through the text and say what each paragraph is about.

(1)The word “statistician” creates an image for most people. They picture someone carrying a slide rule, calculator, or computer, spouting off formulas in an attempt to explain things that are incomprehensible to a normal person. Statistics scares many people. It is a subject that is clouded by people’s anxieties about math, in general, and is greeted with fear and loathing. Overcoming this negative association is difficult but very important if the Deming philosophy is to transform an organization. Statistics is applied in more fields than any other technical discipline, so the role of the statistician takes on a broad perspective. The statistician’s task is to assist others to solve their problems.

(2)There are three types of statisticians: mathematical, theoretical, and practical. Mathematical statisticians focus on advancing statistical theory, working generally in mathematics departments of universities or “think tanks.” Theoretical statisticians use statistical theory to understand the assumptions and limitations of the methods they apply in practice. They are found in industry, demography, biology, methodological research, etc. Practical statisticians use statistical methods without understanding their underlying assumptions and limitations. To implement the Deming philosophy, an organization needs a theoretical statistician who understands the philosophy and can assist top management in putting it into action.

(3)Selecting the right statistician to guide your organization is vital to the transformation process. The American Statistical Association has developed a list of the characteristics of an effective industrial statistician that can help you in your search for a statistician. This individual:

· is trained in the theory and practice of statistics,

· can effectively solve problems,

· has good oral and written communication skills,

· works within the constraints of the real world,

· understands the statistical literature,

· understands the realities of statistical practice,

· has a pleasant personality and is able to work with others,

· gets highly involved in the solution of company problems,

· is able to extend and develop statistical methodology,

· adapts quickly to new problems and challenges, and

· produces high-quality work in a timely fashion.

(4)In addition, the statistician should be a motivated person with a high energy level. He or she should be someone who can relate well to people at all levels of the organization. The statistician should be able to work on several problems simultaneously and perform well under pressure. The statistician should be confident, outgoing, optimistic, enthusiastic, tactful, organized, creative, inquiring, resourceful, skeptical, and willing to listen.

(5)A statistician who is going to guide an organization in the implementation of the Deming philosophy must also have a good understanding of human behavior, group dynamics, organizational behavior, and the process of change. This is necessary because much of the initial work is behavioral and requires environmental change that may take several years before the organization is ready for the statistical work. If the statistician does not come with this background, he or she can be trained within the organization, through outside courses, or by working with an organizational development specialist in the company.

(6)Statisticians should be able to communicate well with top management, union officials, vendors, customers, Board members, etc. Statisticians must act in a professional manner that encourages confidence in their ability to lead the pursuit of never-ending improvement of quality. They should follow the Code of Ethics for Statisticians. They should be respected by everyone in the organization and should be trusted to follow tasks through to their completion. Sincerity, honesty, and empathy regarding the problems that inhibit the transformation process are also required. Statisticians must have patience to allow for the proper timing of implementation. Even though they may want to put statistical methods into play, waiting for the atmosphere to be ready is crucial.

Ø 3) Find the paragraph which lists professionally necessary qualities of a statistician.

Ø 4) Name the paragraph which describes the kind of statistician that can put the Deming’s philosophy into life.

Ø 5) What paragraph gives the main directions for looking for the right statistician? What are they? Which of these directions seem the most reliable to you?

Ø 6) Make up a list of additional characteristics of an effective industrial statistician.

JOB ADS

Ø 1) Look at all the headings of these short texts and decide what kind they are: newspaper articles, adverts of goods, vacancies of various positions.

Ø 2) Scan the texts and define their structure.

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