Epitaxy, vacuum, transistor, advance

1. The invention of the … tube made radio broadcasting possible and later on telecasting.

2. The technology of so called molecular … is the best proof of this suggestion.

3. A great … in electronics is considered to be connected with the appearance of the transistor.

4. The basic elements in electronics are the electron tube and the ….

Задание III

А. Найдите в тексте и переведите инфинитив в функции определения.

Б. Найдите в тексте и переведите причастия в функции определения.

С. Измените следующие предложения, используя сложное подлежащее.

Model: It is known that transistors perform functions similar to valves.

Transistors are known to perform function to valves.

1. It is known that sound travel faster in solids than in liquids.

2. It has been proved that electronic equipment saves millions of man and machine hours.

3. It is believed that electronics is the most progressing technology of the present industrial age.

4. It is evident that electronics has made a great contribution to automation.

5. It is known that the invention of electronic device has become a new important phase in the development of electrical engineering.

Задание IV

А. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is electronics?

2. What made radio broadcasting and telecasting possible?

3. What can reduce the size of instrument?

4. What is a great advance in electronics connected with?

5. What does industrial electronics deal with?

Б. Составьте все типы вопросительных предложений к следующему предложению.

Semiconductor devices reduce the size of instruments.

1) Yes/no

2) The size of what

3) What(to the subject)

4) Or

5) …, _not_?

В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста.

1. The basic elements in electronics are the electron tube and the sensitive receiver.

2. Radio engineering technique is widely used in radio telemetry to indicate or record a measurable quantity at a distance.

3. Radio receives is one of the main elements of broadcasting, communication systems, television, radar and many other fields of engineering.

Задание V

Выполните письменный перевод текста.

Unit 4

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям, содержащим интернациональные корни:

Started, administrative, problems, perform, resources, technology, periods, protect, functions, television, disintegrated, automatic, base, commercial, expansion, pressure , class, produced, process, transfer, thermal, diffuse, element.

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.

Transistor

Before the invention of transistors electronic (vacuum) valves were used to perform these functions. Electronic valves are wonderful devices. Besides their indispensable use in radio and television sets they do many other jobs. They are used in radar and motion-picture equipment. They are basic elements in "electronic brains.". But electronic valves have several drawbacks. They waste a good deal of electricity. One of the elements in a vacuum valve must be heated so that it will give off electrons. This heating requires electricity and produces unwanted heat that needs special cooling equipment to get rid of this heat.

Scientists found other ways of doing the jobs that valves do. So a new device, the transistor, was invented.

The transistor is a semiconductor device for the amplification of electric signals. The application of transistors instead of electronic valves made it possible to design compact, small-dimension electronic devices, which consume very little power. The transistors are successfully used for direct transformation of heat energy into electrical energy by means of thermal elements. They are widely used to transform radiant energy into electricity with the help of photocells, or so-called solar batteries. Light sources and lasers are also built on the basis of transistors. Transistors revolutionized radio engineering and electronics. Because of their small size, the absence of incandescence and other properties, transistors make it possible to produce devices which cannot be made with vacuum tubes.

Transistors are extremely sensitive to external influences. Even thousandths of one per cent of admixtures change their electrical conductive properties by hundreds of thousands of times. They are very sensitive to the action of light, nuclear particles, pressure, etc.

Transistors are made of small germanium crystals. Germanium is an element crystalline in form. Germanium crystal used in a typical transistor may be much less than 1/8 inch square and less than 1/32 inch thick.

There are different types of transistors in use, and still more are being developed. A very fine technology has been developed for obtaining transistors with pre-set physical properties by introducing into them admixtures of gold, copper, nickel, zinc. The transistor of great importance at present is the junction-type triode. This transistor contains three distinct regions of semiconductor, each having ohmic lead. A junction-type transistor can be regarded as composed of two p-n junctions separated by a thin base region. One of the junctions is called the emitter, the other one — the collector. The p-n emitter-base junction is forward-biased while the p-n collector-base junction is reverse-based. This transistor is a power amplifier.

The emitter acts as an injecting contact and injects electrons into the base region under the influence of a very small emitter signal. There they diffuse until caught by the collector field. The collector circuit has a much higher impedance and voltage level than those of the emitter circuit. The transfer of charge from the low-impedance emitter to the high-impedance collector circuit yields power amplification. There are two types of transistor based on this structure — the n-p-n and the p-n-p. Their modes of action are similar, the roles of electrons and holes being interchanged in these two arrangements.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

Drawbacks препятствие, помеха

Circuit схема, цепь

Dimension уменьшение

Field поле

Region область

Energy энергия

Voltage-level уровень напряжения

To contain содержать (включать в себя)

To require требовать(ся)

Influence влияние

To produce производить

To separate отделять, разделять

A structure структура

A type тип

Задание I

А. Определите

а) какой частью речи являются следующие слова:

Radiant, amplifier, obtaining, physical, introduce, resources, emitter, action, founded, dependent, typical, electrical, successive, arrangement, caught, independent

б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.

Б. Образуйте и переведите однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):

Action (v), resist (n), dependent (v), collector (v), amplify (n), disintegrated (v), successive (n), type (adj), requirement (v), technology (adj), independent (n, v)

Задание II

А. Подберите эквивалент к словам, обозначенным цифрами.

1. triod

2. junction

3. to perform

4. source

5. hole.

6. charge

7.invention

8. copper

9. pressure

10. sensitive