In what way has the citizens’ attitude towards the police changed in Britain over the last twenty-five years? Are there any similar trends in Ukraine?

3. To what extent is the way the public feel about the police important for efficient work of the police?

4. What are the suggested ways out of the present situation? What could be said against the introduction of these measures?

5. What other measures for enhancing the efficiency of the police work would you suggest?

B. Discussion.

In Britain, the average salary of an eighteen-year-old trainee police officer is about 30 percent higher than for a newly qualified teacher. Should police officers be paid more than teachers?

The Penal System

Ex. 63 Work with a partner and discuss the following questions:

1. What purpose do prisons fulfil in the current society? What purpose should they fulfil? Comment on the points in the list below.

· Re-educating and rehabilitating criminals

· Acting as a deterrent to would-be criminals

· Punishment

· Isolating dangerous individuals from the rest of the society.

2. What kinds of problem do prisoners face, both while they are in jail and after they are released?

3. Why are people sometimes tempted to take the law into their own hands? Are there any circumstances in which this is justifiable?

Useful words and phrases

depression humiliation fear of violence from guards or other inmates drug abuse

contact with more experienced and hardened criminals ostracism a code of honour

it has a stigma attached to it risk of slipping back into your old ways justice has not been done

difficulties in finding housing and employment the law has failed them a blood feud

a vendetta take revenge on someone for something

Ex. 64 Read the following text, divide it into logical parts and think of suitable headings for each part.

Prisons

Imprisonment is used significantly more in Britain than elsewhere in Europe: at the end of the 1980s for 18 per cent of those who came before the court. The goals of the Prison Service in England and Wales are to:

· maintain order, control, discipline and a safe environment;

· provide decent but austere conditions for prisoners and meet their needs, including health care;

· provide positive regimes which help prisoners address their offending behaviour and allow them as full and responsible life as possible;

· help prisoners prepare for their return to the community; and

· deliver prison services using the resources provided by Parliament with maximum efficiency.

Scotland and Northern Ireland have separate prison services run by the Scottish and the Northern Ireland Offices.

Prisoners may be housed in accommodation ranging from open prisons to high-security establishments. In England and Wales sentenced prisoners are classified into four groups for security purposes:

· Category A for those whose escape would be highly dangerous to the public, the police or the security of the state;

· Category B for those for whom escape must be made very difficult;

· Category C for prisoners who cannot be trusted in open conditions but who do not have the will or recourses to make a determined escape attempt; or

· Category D for those who can be trusted to serve their sentence in open conditions.

There are separate prisons for women. There are no open prisons in Northern Ireland, where the majority of offenders are serving sentences for terrorist offences. People awaiting trial in custody are entitled to privileges not granted to convicted prisoners. Those under 21 are, where possible, separated from convicted prisoners.

There are about 130 prison establishments in England and Wales and 22 in Scotland, many of which were built in the 19^th century. In Northern Ireland there are four prisons and a young offender’s centre. After the riots of 1980s provoked by the poor conditions in which most prisoners serve their sentences there has been a major refurbishment and prison-building programme in England and Wales over recent years, leading to a substantial improvement in prison conditions and alleviation of overcrowding.

An unhappy aspect of the system is the imprisonment of some of those awaiting trial. The prisoners in such remand centres are presumed to be innocent and are treated accordingly. They are allowed all reasonable facilities to seek release on bail, prepare for trial, maintain contact with relatives and friends, and pursue legitimate business and social interests. They also have the right to wear their own clothes and can write and receive unlimited number of letters.

Harry

º Ex. 65 You are going to listen to an interview with a man serving a long-term sentence in prison.