Now look at the following list. In your groups, decide which you would include under science and which under technology and why.

	biology		machinery
	chemistry		mathematics
	electronics		mechanics
	geography		physics
	hydraulics		sociology

Find the word that does not belong in each horizontal group.

a	arithmetic	algebra	genetics	geometry	trigonometry
b	geography	psychology	economics	sociology	anthropology
c	geology	meteorology	mineralogy	geophysics	statistics
d	mechanics	thermodynamics	astrophysics	law	cosmology
e	physiology	astronomy	botany	zoology	anatomy

Match the following definitions to the groups of four words that you identified above.

a	The mathematical sciences - investigating the relationships between things that can be measured or quantified in either a real or abstract form.
b	The physical sciences - investigating the nature and behavior of matter and energy on a vast range of size and scale.
c	The earth sciences - examining the structure and composition of our planet, and the physical processes that have helped to shape it.
d	The life sciences - studying of living things:a principal branch of science concerned with plants, animals, and other living organisms.
e	The social sciences - exploring human society past and present, and the way human beings behave.

Make up English-Russian pairs of the words and word-combinations equivalent in meaning.

advance	a	вести научные наблюдения
applied science	b	достижение
belief	c	методический подход
endeavor	d	мнение, убеждение
instance	e	накапливать, собирать
systematic approach	f	отдельный пример, случай
systematic study	g	открывать, обнаруживать
to accumulate	h	получать, приобретать
to detect	i	попытка, старание, стремление
to gain	g	прикладная наука
to observe	k	проверять, тестировать
to test	l	проверять, подтверждать
to verify	m	систематическое изучение

Complete the collocates below by matching an adjective from A with a noun from B. Some can combine with more than one noun.

Example: practical application, purpose, gain, use.

A	basic	B	advances	knowledge
	common		analysis	method
	current		application	opinion
	important		approach	organization
	industrial		belief	part
	international		breakthrough	prediction
	objective		Bureau	property
	personal		corporation	research
	physical		Council	revolution
	pure		forum	role
	scientific		idea	science
	systematic		instrument	society
	technological		investigation	theory

Underline the correct word A, B, C or D to fill the gaps.

Science and technology

The 1__ of the terms science and technology have changed significantly from one generation to another. More 2__ than differences, however, can be found between the terms.

Both science and technology imply a thinking 3__, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by 4__. Science, at least in theory, is less concerned with the practicality of its results and more concerned with the 5__ of general laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involved 6__ each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed in the historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers, 7__, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists. Differing educational requirements, social status, 8__, methodology, and types of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals, contribute 9__ such distinctions as can be made between the activities of scientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of “pure” science have made many 10__ as well as theoretical contributions.

Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that 11__ research is therefore essential for any significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a 12__. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of 13__, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics were developed before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam 14__, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principles underlying its operations.

In recent years a sharp value distinction has grown up between science and technology. Advances in science have frequently had their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more than science. For these people, science may be perceived as a 15__, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.

A	meanings	B	methods	C	means	D	measures
A	subdivisions	B	distinctions	C	commodities	D	similarities
A	processing	B	process	C	processor	D	processed
A	review	B	revision	C	repetition	D	repertoire
A	advantage	B	upgrade	C	work out	D	development
A	on	B	with	C	of	D	without
A	physicists	B	physics	C	psychology	D	psychiatry
A	dictionary	B	thesaurus	C	vocabulary	D	glossary
A	at	B	to	C	in	D	on
A	practice	B	practicality	C	practitioner	D	practical
A	clean	B	pure	C	fresh	D	clear
A	myth	B	ballad	C	tale	D	legend
A	mechanic	B	mechanism	C	mechanics	D	mechanical
A	engineer	B	engine	C	engineering	D	engineered
A	serene	B	serenade	C	sequence	D	series