Forms of scientific misconduct

Answer the questions

1. What does the term «scientific misconduct» mean?

2. What are the reasons for scientific misconduct?

3. What are the forms of scientific misconduct?

4. What are the consequences of scientific misconduct?

1) Mach the words from the text with their definitions

1.	Perpetrator	A	Refers to the pressure to publish work constantly to further or sustain a career in academia. The competition for tenure-track faculty positions in academia puts increasing pressure on scholars to publish new work.
2.	Publish or perish	B	Someone who does something morally wrong or illegal
3.	Fraud	C	To prove that a statement or idea is not correct
4.	To refute	D	Something prestigious, high-status, attracting public attention
5.	To suppress	E	The crime of deceiving people in order to gain something such as money or goods
6.	High-profile	F	To prevent people from knowing about something.

Insert the missing prepositions if necessary

1. I'm afraid to expose …………… my innermost thoughts and emotions to anyone.

2. We rely …………… professionals to solve problems, not families and communities.

3. ……… rare occasions, we may actually experience something of that sort.

4. She sat reflecting …………… how much had changed since she had bought the farm.

5. Police were accused of suppressing …………… evidence that might have proved that the men were innocent.

6. By accepting the money Bass has left himself wide open ……… criticism.

3)* Fill in the gaps with the words and phrases from the table

Aim Oath research field prolong life carry out ethics ethical standards

Ethics and science

Interest in ethics has struggled with the rapid social change and technological developments of modern society. For instance, physicians, who have taken the Hippocratic 1) …………… to save life, cure disease, and alleviate suffering, are now faced with the problem of whether to use medical devices that can 2) …………… at the cost of increasing suffering, or to follow patients' requests to be allowed to die without extraordinary lifesaving precautions or to be provided with medications or devices that will end life.

New fields of 3) ……………, such as bioethics, engineering ethics, and environmental ethics, have opened up new areas of concern. As these professions grapple with expanding their codes of responsibility to keep up with technological advances and societal pressures for stricter business ethics, changes in laws governing business ethics are bound to change too. Since societal ethics have evolved through the law, they mirror the ethical norms agreed on by the majority.

All scientists should commit themselves to high 4) ……………, and a code of ethics based on relevant norms enshrined in international human rights instruments should be established for scientific professions. The social responsibility of scientists requires that they maintain high standards of scientific integrity and quality control, share their knowledge, communicate with the public and educate the younger generation.

The 5) …………… of ethics is to find a set of moral principles that there are good reasons for accepting and that ought to guide us in our lives. Many of the most important ethical predicaments the world community is facing today arise in connection with science, in scientific research, and in the development and applications of new technology, notably biotechnology. Scientists face ethical problems in their choice of education and 6) ……………, in their choice of research projects, in how they 7) …………… their research, and in how they deal with publication and media.

The last several decades have seen a rapid increase of scientific knowledge in areas having wide-ranging ethical implications - most prominently in the biosciences, the environment, physics and medicine.

There are a lot of ethical problems in science nowadays:

· Nuclear (biological, chemical) weapons

· Computer use

· Animal testing

· Use of embryos in experiments

· Hydrogen bomb

· Euthanasia