Unit B. History of Computers
1 Vocabulary
to calculate
calculation
calculus
to count
countable
uncountable
to add
addition
in addition
to subtract
subtraction
to divide
division
to multiply
multiplication
sum
to do sums
to sum up
to solve
solution
to solve a problem
figure
to figure out
approximate
approximation
approximately
to complete
conductor
semiconductor
to depend (on)
dependent
independent
dependence
independence
dependable
to design
design
designer
to invent
inventor
invention
to remove
transistor
vacuum tube
due to
except
except for
exception
instead of
a) chose the correct translation:
a) to invent
1) умножать 2) вычислять 3) конструировать 4) изобретать
b) to save
1) сохранять 2) перемещать 3) вычитать 4) прибавлять
c) to calculate
1) прибавлять 2) вычислять 3) умножать 4) сохранять
d) dependence
1) умножение 2) вычисление 3) зависимость 4) развитие
e) provide
1) перемещать завершать 3) обеспечивать 4) изобретать
f) design
1) цифра 2) изобретение 3) проект 4) вычисление
g) multiply
1) делить 2) умножать 3) складывать 4) вычитать
b) Match the words with their meanings:
| a) complete b) calculation c) subtraction d) except for e) provide f) semiconductor g) approximate h) add i) save j) digital | 1) за исключением 2) приблизительный 3) обеспечивать 4) цифровой 5) сохранять 6) завершать 7) вычитание 8) прибавлять 9) полупроводник 10) вычисление |
c) complete the word combinations:
to solve …
a digital …
… tube
addition and …
… and multiplication
Reading
a) Read and translate the word combinations from the text:
the very first
calculating device
logarithm tables
digital computer
a million operations a second
reduced in size
the problem to be solved
b) Read the text, make notes of the main facts of the history of computers:
History of Computers.
Let us look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right.
During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs and Napier’s ideas were to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician.
The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as a result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on series (ряд) of ten-toothed gear wheels (зубчатые колеса). In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called “The Analytical Engine”. This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.
In 1930, the first analog computer was built by an American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems, all at a very fast rate.
In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J.Eckert and J.Mauchly, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention ENIAC. Another important advancement in computers came in 1947, when John von Newmann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer’s memory.
The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. Univac I is an example of this computers which could perform thousands of calculations per second. In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and these could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors (предшественники). The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first-generation computers. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as first-generation computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic, ceramic or metal. Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1,000,000 instructions per second.
At the rate computer technology is growing, today’s computers might be obsolete in a couple of years. It has been said that if transport technology had developed as rapidly as computer technology, a trip across the Atlantic Ocean today would take a few seconds.
c) Look through the text and decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). Change the false sentences to make them true:
1. The slide rule was invented hundreds of years ago.
2. During the early 1880s, many people worked on inventing a mechanical calculating machine.
3. Charles Babbage, an Englishman, can well be called the father of computers.
4. The first computer was invented and built in the USA.
5. Instructions used by computers have always been kept inside the computer’s memory.
6. Using transistors instead of vacuum tubes did nothing to increase the speed at which calculations were done.
7. As computers evolved, their size decreased and their dependability increased.
8. Today’s computers have more circuits than previous computers.
9. Computer technology has developed to a point from which new developments in the field will take a long time to come.
d) Find synonyms:
machine
designed
a lot of
errors
solve
e) Find antonyms:
old
a few
to include
contemporaries
still in use
f) Match the words from A with the statements from B:
| A 1) abacus 2) calculus 3) analog 4) digital computer 5) vacuum tubes 6) transistors 7) chip 8) microminiaturization 9) slide rule 10) logarithm tables | B a) instrument used for doing multiplication and division b) used in the first digital computers c) an instrument used for counting d) used in mathematics e) circuitry of fourth-generation computers f) invented by Americans in 1944 g) made computers smaller and faster h) used to help aim guns i) the reduction of circuitry onto a chip j) a branch of mathematics. |
g) Complete the table using the information fro the text «History of Computers»:
| Time | Event |
| Primitive times | |
| Abacus invented | |
| 17th and 18th centuries | Henry Briggs produced logarithm tables |
| Charles Babbage designed | |
| First use of vacuum tubes in | |
| Second-generation computers using | |
| Now | |
| Future |
Speaking
There are some more facts about the development of computing:
| computer generation | dates | Technology |
| First second third fourth | 1951-58 1958-64 1965-70 1971- | vacuum tubes (valves) transistors integrated circuits (ICs) microprocessors |
| . . . | First electronic computer built transistor invented First commercial computer out on sale First minicomputer Ics introduced |