Complete the sentences with the modal verbs in the box (some modal verbs can be used more than once)

can/cannot could may might must should ought to need be able

1. Astronauts __ can ______ use a virtual reality headset and special gloves to prepare them for

weightlessness and spacewalking.

2. You ____ may ____ touch these samples made in space.

3. Complexity in the Universe __ can ___be explained by Gravity.

4. He _____ could ____ arrive at the party on time, even after missing the train, so he was very pleased.

5. You ___ cannot ____see the gravitational waves with your eyes.

6. You ___must______ keep this in a cool place.

7. Improvements in properties of materials in weightlessness ___can_______ lead to the development of valuable drugs, high-strength, temperature-resistant ceramics and alloys and faster computer chips.

8. One __should__ know that we`ll _need__ a lot of specialists who will _be able__ to work and live in space for a long time.

9. He asked me if he _might____ rest for an hour.

10. Astronauts ___ought to__ learn skills such as spacewalking, teamwork and operating spacecraft systems.

9. Work in pairs. Make up dialogues according to the model using can or its equivalent be able to in the correct form. Use the suggested word combinations.

Student 1: Were you ableto visit your sick friend yesterday? (Last week…).

Student 2: I couldn`t (wasn`t able), I was very busy.

Student 1: Can you visit him tonight?

Student 2: No, I`m afraid I can`t. I`ll be preparing for my exam.

Student 1: And when will you be able to go there?

Student 2: I hope I`ll be able to do it tomorrow (on Tuesday…) after my exam.

To go to the library, to consult a doctor, to go to the swimming pool, to pass a driving test, to have your hair cut, to book some tickets to the cinema.

Additional suggestion Before doing ex.10 you may wish to watch the video[2] (file 2). “What is the best way to ask for permission?”

10. Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verb may/might in the meaning of permission.

e.g. Astronauts are allowed to eat a brand of sweetener, but they cannot eat regular sugar, due to not being able to completely dehydrate. – Astronauts may eat a brand of sweetener, but they cannot eat regular sugar…

1. It`s very cold here. You are shivering all over. You are permitted to put on your coat. 2. Certainly you are allowed to take the book. Now it`s yours. 3. I told her she was permitted to have a holiday with us. And now she is looking forward to our trip. 4. The mother says that she allows me to join my friends who will go to the Crimea for the summer holiday. 5. Candidates are allowed to take a dictionary into the exam, but they can`t take in a gammar book.

11. Work in pairs. Make up short dialogues using the modal verb must to express obligation, necessity.

Student 1	Student 2
- Would you like to come to a party tonight?	- I can`t, I`m afraid I must revise for my exams.
- Oh, come on. I`d really appreciate it.	- No, I`m sorry I really must revise for this exam.

1. Would you like to go to a holiday camp? 2. Would you like to visit the picture gallery? 3. Would you like to go for a drive into the country? 3. Would you like to go hiking? 4. Would you like to go fishing? 5. Would you like to go to the rock concert?

12. Choose the suitable equivalent for the modal verb must – to have to or to be to?

1. If you don`t care of yourself, you`ll ____________ consult a doctor.

2. Do you __________ pay for your education?

3. Today I _____________go to the post office. When ______you ___ go there?

4. There were only two people in front of me in the lone so I didn`t __________ wait long.

5. When _____ our delegation ____ arrive in London?

6. When _____ I ____ get off the tram?

7. Yesterday they _________ ___ come back home to a big dinner.

8. I missed my train and I _______ ____ wait half an hour for the next one.

13. Rewrite the sentences using the correct verb in brackets in the correct form.

1. Are kids allowed to stay on board the space station? (can/must)

2. Originally, astronauts were not required to wear space suits. (must/have to)

3. It isimportant that astronauts conduct materials-science experiments on the space station. (may/must)

4. Weightlessness causes medical problems in astronauts, so astronauts are advised to train regularly in order to avoid these problems.(must/should)

5. It was necessary to tell the crew what to do because they didn’t know. (can/need)

6. Wearing a uniform is obligatory for officers. (need/have to).

7. Are we permitted to eat or drink at our computers? (should/may)

8. Military experience is not required to become an astronaut. (should/have to)

9. It`s not necessary for you to have advanced degree like PhD to be an astronaut. (must/need)

10. Is it necessary for us to create a prolonged weightlessness to be able to carry out experiments? (need/can)

11. After returning to Earth cosmonauts are not allowed to walk until intensive medical checks are conducted. (may/can)

12. They are advised to exercise for two hours a day during their stays in orbit to maintain their fitness. (must/should)

Home assignment after Lesson 1:

1. Ex-ce 13

2. Ex-ce 14

14.a) Read the text and headline its parts. b) Underline the modals verbs in the text and translate the sentences where they are used.

1)______________

2)____________

3)_____________

4)____________

5)______________

What is microgravity?[3]

1) It's easy to assume that astronauts float in space because they are far away from the Earth's gravitational force. But look at the moon. It is much further away than the International Space Station, yet it orbits around the Earth because it is perpetually attracted by its gravitational pull. So if the Earth's gravity can affect the moon, the astronauts cannot be floating because there is no gravity where they are. Gravity is an attractive force, which is always present between two objects that have a mass. It's such a weedy force, however, that we need huge objects such as planets or moons to realize it's there at all.

2) However, we can create environments in which we don't experience the effects of gravity. Usually people refer to such "microgravity" environments as "zero-g", because they make objects appear weightless. But what does it actually mean to be "weightless"? The thing about forces is that you only notice them when there is another force counteracting them. Since you have a mass, the Earth's gravitational pull is always accelerating you towards its centre. Luckily, the ground is in the way. But if there was nothing to stop you from falling, you wouldn't feel the ground "push back" and you would feel weightless.

3) This is the first way to "get rid" of gravity: free fall! Some people think of skydiving, but in fact a skydiver is never really in free fall – air drag can slow objects down. For scientific experiments, however, researchers can overcome the air resistance issue by pumping out air from a huge tower, some 150m high. Then they shoot experiments up to the top of the tower –- and drop them – yep it's called a "drop tower". The experiment, and everything inside it, is in "microgravity" as it falls – for about four seconds. Another way to achieve "free fall" is to put things into orbit (such as the International Space Station). A force, called the centrifugal force, "pushes" an object travelling in a circle away from the centre of the motion. Go around a corner fast on your bike and if you don't lean into the "bend" you'll find it difficult to stay on the bike and steer at the same time – lean too far and the wheels will get "pushed out" from underneath you. It's all a matter of balancing forces.

4) So, an object in "free fall" orbiting the Earth at just the right speed and altitude can appear weightless. This is the case with the ISS. Here, astronauts and everything else in it all travel in free fall, making it an amazing microgravity science laboratory. But why do scientists need microgravity? The majority of processes on Earth are influenced in some way by gravity, which means exploiting microgravity environments for research is a clever way to learn more about the way in which the world around us works. (2 300 characters)

Lesson 2

15 Look at the adjective form of nouns.

A.Noun (существительное) + ful = Adjective (прилагательное)

e.g. use (польза) – useful (полезный), skill (умение, навык) – skillful (умелый, профессиональный)