Read and translate the texts. Write out the verbs used in Passive. Complete the tasks.

Read and translate the texts. Write out the verbs used in Passive. Complete the tasks.

Silicon Valley - America's High Tech Centre

http://www.english-online.at/technology/smart-tv/smart-tv.htm

Silicon Valley is located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay area, California. It originally got its name from the large number of companies that produced silicon chips. Today it is a general name for the high-tech industry of Northern California.

The beginning of Silicon Valley goes back to the early 20th century when the United States military and other companies started experimenting in the fields of radio, communications and electronics. The area also grew because Stanford and other universities and colleges produced a number of students who were interested in technology.

One of the first companies that started in Silicon Valley was Hewlett Packard. It was founded by two graduates of Stanford University in 1939. Today HP is the world’s largest technology company and operatesin almost all countries in the world.

After World War II an industrial park was built around Stanford University. Companies rented offices from the university and employed students as engineers and scientists.

In the 1950s the silicon transistor was developed and many companies started moving into the region. In the 1970s Silicon Valley became a well-known term in the United States because of the computer and software firms that were founded in the area. About a hundred new companies were established every year. Such growth was possible because people could found a company, get money and rent office space in only a few weeks.

Among the well known companies in the region are search engines Google and Yahoo!, chip producer Intel, computer and software manufacturers Apple and Adobe.

By 1992 Silicon Valley accounted for over 250,000 jobs and over 40% of California’s exports. Companies began calling in specialists from China and India because more and more high-tech scientists and engineers were needed.

When the Internet boom began in the 1990s a number of new so-called dot.com enterprises sprang up, including the online auction house eBay and others. When the boom collapsed at the beginning of the new millennium, thousands of high tech workers lost their jobs and couldn’t afford the high housing prices that the area produced.

But even after the global financial crisis of 2008 Silicon Valley remains one of the top research and high-tech centres in the world.

account for = насчитывать afford = позволить себе collapse = потерпеть крах, обрушиться call in = пригласить develop = развивать, разрабатывать establish = found = основывать, учреждать graduate = выпускник growth = рост

locate = размещать operate = функционировать originally = изначально remain = оставаться rent = арендовать research = исследовать scientist = ученый spring up = появляться, быстро расти

Match the words from the text with their definition.

boom	company
call in	an increase or very quick rise in the economy of a country
establish	someone who has finished a university
manufacturer	computer chip
dot.com enterprise	to offer a job to
employ	producer
online auction house	a small piece of metal in radios and TVs that controls electricity
transistor	the beginning of the next thousand years
field	a website in which you can sell things to the person who offers the highest price
firm	a company that works in the Internet business
graduate	area
millennium	to give work to
silicon chip	set up, create

Answer the questions:

1. Where is Silicon Valley situated?
2. Why is it called “Silicon” Valley?
3. When and how was it established?
4. What did you learn about HP from the text?
5. The silicon transistor was developed in the 1970s, wasn’t it?
6. Why was the region growing quickly?
7. Enumerate the well known companies located in Silicon Valley.
8. When did dot.com enterprises spring up?
9. Why did thousands of high tech workers lose their jobs at the beginning of the new millennium?

Read the article, answer the questions. Define the tense form of the underlined verbs.

Passwords test memory

Many of us have difficulty remembering the new password which we have to create. In this edition of Hi-Tech we look at those keywords which we keep to ourselves and which keep our secrets.

But how is it possible to look at people’s passwords if they are secret? One study comes from researchers in Ontario University, Canada, who analysed 32 million passwords, published by a hacker who cracked a database of an on-line gaming website. Here are some of the conclusions.

24 is the average number of passwords that each user has to remember and 43 percent of people use the same password for more than one account.

34 percent of us use simple passwords, based on elemental concepts while 66 percent use complex passwords, based on algorithms or created by a computer.

Many passwords are quite easy to discover for example 17 percent use birthdays, ten percent use their name or family name while nine percent use pet names.

Sometimes we get upset when we don’t remember a password. So we use different methods to remember them.

Seventy one percent learn passwords by heart, 12 percent write it on their computer or smartphone, 10 percent write it down on paper and seven percent save it using special programmes.

1. What is the number of passwords you have to remember?

2. Does the majority of people use simple passwords?

3. Is it easy to discover somebody’s password?

4. What methods do we use to remember passwords?

THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics, such as arts, business, government, news, politics and recreation.

People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of information exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. The information is connected together like a web. You access this information through the interface called a Web browser. In 1996 there were more that 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) and by using a program (software) the people connected to the Internet and WWW through the local providers have access to a variety of information.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And of course you can play computer games through WWW, competingwith partners from other countries and continents. More than 100 million computers were connected via the global Internet in 2000, and even more are attached to enterprise internets.

Vocabulary:

to retrieve – извлекать

recreation – развлечение

to make commercial and business transactions – совершать торговые и коммерческие операции

hardware – оборудование

software – программное обеспечение

available – доступный

broadcast alive – передавать в прямом эфире

to compete – соревноваться

John Pironti

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It is Isaca’s view that businesses of all shapes and sizes should regularly and consistently perform threat and vulnerability analyses of their critical business processes, core and sensitive data assets, and associated information infrastructure to help them evaluate and manage risks associated with them.

Destructive attacks tend to be more obvious and serve to promote a position of the attacking party rather than attempt to gain access to or exploit data.

This does not make them any less dangerous –and given recent events, their likelihood of occurrence should be considered fairly reasonable.

To counteract these attacks, organisations should have consistent, mature and regularly exercised security monitoring capabilities and incident response plans that use the input from the threat and vulnerability analysis to identify attack behaviour as early as possible, and then effectively respond to them if they are successful.

Early warning and effective preparation can help to minimise the impact of attacks.

From a business continuity perspective, organisations should also consider options of replicating key data assets and capabilities on systems that are not mirrors of each other and, in fact, operate on completely different operating systems, applications, networks, and storage solutions.

This will reduce the ability for the attack to affect all of an organisation’s data and computing assets with the same attack methods and capabilities.

John Pironti is a risk advisor at Isaca and president of IP Architects

Security Think Tank: Mitigation strategies for data-wiping malware

http://www.computerweekly.com/opinion/Security-Think-Tank-Mitigation-strategies-for-data-wiping-malware

Peter Wenham

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While data-wiping malicious software – malware – is not new, the FBI was moved in December 2014 to issue a flash alert to US businesses, writes Peter Wenham. This alert highlighted the new malware that not only deletes files on an infected PC, but also overwrites the MBR sector of the PC’s hard drive, making it impossible for the PC to boot. Recovery is time-consuming and costly, either requiring the disinfection of the MBR followed by a re-imaging of the drive; or installing a new hard drive and re-imagining. For the smaller company the likely case would be re-building a PC’s hard drive from scratch. Note that, in all cases, any data on a PC’s hard drive at the time of infection would be lost.

Mitigation strategies are twofold – prevention, and recovery should the worst happen. The recovery strategy is the easier, requiring that all PCs are regularly backed up (monthly, with weekly deltas being recommended, and daily deltas if you have the resources); and that all company data is backed up (weekly, with daily deltas) – preferably with a copy held on an off-line resource, (old-fashioned tape drives come to mind, or DVDs/Blurays for the smaller business).

The key is being able to recover company data that is no older than one or two days from a clean resource.

The prevention strategy is a bit more complex. Training staff is an obvious first step – and do not forget management and directors – plus regularly reminding people not to open files from unknown sources or files received unexpectedly. A more difficult concept is to get people to the point where they look and think about a website address: Does it look right? Why I might I want to go to that site? And so on.

A second part of the strategy is not giving people local administrator access to their PC. Make sure staff access profiles on the company network are set for minimum privilege – the cleaner does not need Power User – and that the files that can be accessed are appropriate for a persons function. Nobody – and that includes senior managers and directors – should be given access to all company files except backup mechanisms and system administrators. System administrators should have two network IDs, a standard user account for day-to-day use and a system administrator account for system maintenance.

Finally, there is the technical aspects of the prevention strategy. Operating systems and application software should be up-to-date and maintained, as should antivirus software and backup mechanisms for servers and PCs. Maintained infrastructure includes firewalls and antispam and antivirus mechanisms on the companies email – there are a number of companies offering these services, either for in-house use or via the internet. Logging should be in place and preferably to a dedicated servers that requires a unique “auditor” account to access.

Peter Wenham is a committee member of the BCS Security Forum strategic panel and director of information assurance consultancy Trusted Management.

Tips for Easy Email

The objective of all emails is to communicate. The writer needs the recipient to understand. So s/he should make it as easy as possible for the recipient to understand the message. The writer is writing the email, not the recipient, right? It is the writer's job to write it well, not the recipient's! But often the recipient has to spend a long time and work very hard to understand a message. (This is not just a question of language.) Basically, sending "bad" emails shows no respect for the recipient and is not polite. The writer does a little work and the recipient does a lot of work.

So here are 5 tips on sending emails the best way possible, and making life easier for everyone.

Tip 1. Subject, Cc: and Bcc:

When you write an email, at the top is a field called "Subject:". The subject tells recipients what your message is about, without reading the whole message. It also helps them organize their emails. Always include a subject, something meaningful like "My Order No. 12345 For Furniture" or "Homework Assignment: Present Perfect". Don't just write "Your Email" or "Letter". Subjects like those are not very helpful. Also, if you include a subject and the recipient replies by clicking on "Reply", your subject is automatically added to the reply (with the expression "Re:", which means "about").

Two more fields at the top of your email are "Cc:" (carbon copy) and "Bcc:" (blind carbon copy). Any email address you add to the Cc: box will receive a copy of the message, and the original person you are writing to (the To: field) will see the email address that you sent a copy to. Any email address you add to the Bcc: field will also receive a copy of the message, but this time the original person you are writing to will not see this. S/he will not even know that you sent a copy to someone.

Tip 5. Sign Your Email

It's a good idea, and more polite, to put your name at the end of your emails. You can even add other information like address, telephone and fax, especially for business. You can create a "signature block" that you add to the end of all messages. Many email services let you create an "auto-signature" that appears at the end of every email you send.

English Checker

• character: a letter or symbol, like a, B, 1, 2, &, * etc
• recipient: the person who receives your email
• shape: the external form of something
• typeface: a particular design of type
• virus: a bug or coding designed to damage a computer

E-ENGLISH IYKWIM ;-)

Josef Essberger

KWIM? I thought not.

For e-English read "electronic English" and for IYKWIM read "if you know what I mean".

And for KWIM? Yes, that's right. You'll have to FIOFY.

The internet has created a whole new way of speaking when we write email, post messages or chat online.

It saves time and typing effort, but it's no joke if you don't know the "secret". So just to help you if you're not already a netspeak expert, here are a few of the basic rules and codes people use on the internet.

Remember, these are for use on the internet with friends. We do not usually use them in formal letters or faxes.

Emphasis

If we want to emphasise a word (make it more important), we often use asterisks (*), like this:

"I *love* EnglishCLUB.net."

Sometimes people use capitals to add emphasis but it is not a good idea. MOST PEOPLE DO NOT LIKE A LOT OF CAPITALS. THEY LOOK RUDE AND CAN BE DIFFICULT TO READ.

Emotion

If we want to express our feelings and emotions, we can use "smileys". A smiley is a combination of symbols that looks like a face sideways. The original, basic smiley (eyes, nose and smiling mouth) is very popular and shows that we are happy:

:-)

We can also do this with eyes and mouth only:

:)

Of course, if we are unhappy, we can change the mouth: :-(

There are many possibilities. Here are a few more:

• ;-) wink
• :*) kiss
• :~) tears

Abbreviations

To save time when typing (and maybe to save money if you are online), people often abbreviate commonly-used phrases. There are hundreds of possibilities and you certainly do not need all of them!

Some of these codes are just the first letter of each word, for example:

imo = in my opinion

Some of these codes use the sound of the letter to represent the sound of a word. For example, the letter "c" sounds like the word "sea" or "see":

cu = see you

Some of these codes use numbers because the sound of the number is the same as the sound of another word (not the spelling!). For example, 4 (four) sounds like "for". And 8 (eight) sounds like "ate". So if we write L8 we get "late". If we write W8 we get "wait"!

Here are some more examples:

• aamof = as a matter of fact
• asap = as soon as possible
• b4 = before
• b4n = bye for now
• cul8er = see you later
• damhik = don't ask me how I know
• eta = estimated time of arrival
• f2f = face to face
• gf = girlfriend
• gmt = Greenwich Mean Time
• hth = hope this helps
• icbw = I could be wrong
• jam = just a minute
• k = okay
• lmk = let me know
• mcibty = my computer is better than yours
• oic = oh I see
• pls = please
• plz = please
• q = queue
• rumf = are you male or female?
• sil = sister-in-law
• tia = thanks in advance
• uok = you ok?
• vr = virtual reality
• wdymbt = what do you mean by that?
• y2k = year 2000

Journey to the future

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Over the past 40 years computers have transformed social and business life, despite remaining pretty unintelligent. Now the challenge is to get them thinking for themselves, writes Cliff Saran

When we began looking back on the 40 years of IT since Computer Weekly was launched, one thing became apparent. No matter how much technology has improved, no matter how far microelectronics has revolutionised the computer industry, computers are basically doing the same type of job.

In the 60s and 70s, science fiction writers presented a bleak future as artificial intelligence battled with human beings. Experts spoke of mass redundancies as automation took over. And the latest buzz was the paperless office.

Yet, by and large, computers still only do what they are told to do, and they are pretty useless without a program that instructs them, step by step, how to perform a task. Luckily for the human race, intelligence within these machines is still rudimentary. There is little chance that microchips will rule the world.

Instead, the past four decades has seen the use of IT explode in ways few people could have predicted. Computers do not have much intelligence on their own, but they have supported billions of business decisions by providing users with business intelligence data.

IT has enabled businesses to connect both to their customers and with suppliers and business partners. Call centres have given the public a way to keep in contact with a business or government department 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Sales orders, financial transactions and communications are sent in microseconds around the world. Customers can order products directly over the internet and the supplier's warehouse automatically dispatches the goods.

PC maker Dell came from nowhere to become the largest PC manufacturer in the world by going direct to the ­customer and allowing them to customise the PC they want to purchase. Amazon.com changed the way we buy books, CDs and DVDs.

The electronics industry has been revolutionised as researchers push the boundaries of integrated circuit design, allowing the creation of faster, smaller, more complex chips. And this has driven the adoption of IT into every­day lives. Even a humble toaster has a microprocessor with a program for the defrost, toast and cancel controls.

Who could have imagined we would all be carrying mobile phones with built in video cameras, capable of sending and receiving e-mail and accessing the internet? Not too long ago this was real James Bond stuff.

When Sony introduced the Walkman in 1979 it changed the way people listened to music - 60 minutes of music in a portable tape player. Today, thanks to breakthroughs in computer memory and hard discs, MP3 players can hold thousands of hours of music on a single memory stick. A computer that used to be the size of a room now comfortably fits on a wristwatch.

Today there are two main challenges. The first is finding a use for the massive amount of computer power at our fingertips. After all, computers are still pretty dumb on the evolutionary scale of artificial intelligence.

Even if an application can be found, the second problem is the management and technical difficulties that must be overcome in rolling out any IT project.

It is not that hard to demonstrate a proof of concept. But can the application scale, and will end-users be prepared to run it? Will the technical staff and the business consultants be sufficiently skilled to implement and deploy the system?

Can the software and hardware be rolled out cost-effectively? Is licensing prohibitive? Is the IT architecture and coding resilient enough to enable all end-users to run the application, without risking crashes, hacking attacks or the need for constant patching?

One of the themes of Computer Weekly during our first 40 years has been the need for strong project management. It can be the difference between success and failure. As the IT industry continues to mature, project management will move further up the agenda.

If we can get this right, maybe one day intelligent IT systems will improve the quality of our home and work lives, computers will be self-managing, and downtime will be a thing of the past.

http://www.english-online.at/news-articles/technology/google-plans-driverless-car.htm

Google plans driverless car

In 2009 Google announced plans to develop a driverless car, a vehicle that can drive all by itself. Five years later the Internet company has tested the car for hundreds of thousands of miles. In the near future Google plans to build 100 such fully automated cars for testing purposes. The driverless car will use Google’s own software to drive around. Currently only a few states, including Nevada andFlorida, allow the driving of such cars in public.

Google's new car does not have a steering wheel or brakes but just two stop and go buttons. It can drive at a maximum speed of 25 miles an hour. The prototype has a series of expensive high-tech equipment, including radar systems, GPS location finders, precise maps and several sensors.

Up to now, the vehicle has been tested mainly on Californian roads. It has crossed the Golden Gate Bridge and driven up San Francisco’s famous Lombard Street with 180° curves. The system does not allow humans to take control but they can stop the car whenever they want to.

Google claims that a driverless car would be an important step for road safety. They could take over driving on roads, just like autopilots take control of airplanes, while the pilot often has nothing to do but just sit and wait for landing. There would be fewer car accidents and road fatalities.

Several European countries have also started to test cars without drivers. Prototypes of such cars are on roads in Germany, the Netherlands and Spain.

According to Google, mass production of the car is still a far way ahead. With almost $100 000 dollars’ worth of high-tech equipment the company estimates that customers won’t be able to buy one in this decade.

Google's self-driving car

Words

• announce = to say officially
• automated = using computers instead of people
• autopilot = machine that takes over flying or driving from a person
• brakes = pedals used to make a car stop
• currently = at the moment
• develop = create from the beginning
• equipment = machines and other tools
• fatality = death in an accident
• including = also
• location finder = machine that finds out exactly where something is
• mainly = mostly
• near future = soon
• precise = exact
• prototype = first form that a new design of a car has, or a model of it used for testing
• public = where anyone can see it
• purpose = intend; the reasons for doing something
• radar = machine that uses radio waves to find the position of things and how fast they move
• safety = not being in danger
• sensor = metal plate that you can use to detect movement, light heat etc..
• several = some, a few
• speed = how fast something is
• steering wheel = wheel that you turn in the direction you want to drive
• step = move, action
• vehicle = car, truck, bus etc..

Google’s future is Chrome

The world’s number one search engine , Google, has developed a new operating system called Chrome. It automatically connects the user to the internet where people write their letters, emails, post their photos and do many other things they would normally do on a desktop OS .

The development of Chrome started in 2008 when Google built its own browser , also called Chrome. Today 12% of net community uses it regularly.

Google thinks that the operating systems of today, Windows, Apple’s MacOS and Linux areold fashioned and do not meet the needs of the people. Computer users of today we spend most of their time on the net and not with a desktop application .

Google’s vision of the next generation computer goes even further . It wants to put its Chrome OS on laptops and netbooks , so that the user just pushes a button and automatically gets connected . Chrome’s main aim is speed . It wants to make the computer fast. The first tests on netbooks showed that you could get connected to the internet within seven seconds from startup . Chrome OS skips everything from starting up the PC to getting connected.

Google also wants to make a computer cheaper. People who buy computers today often have to buy the operating system, anti-virus software and office programs before they can really work with it. This kind of software often costs hundreds of dollars. With these applications on the web you wouldn’t need to buy such expensive programs.

Chrome is not the first operating system that comes from the search engine. Android is already successful on tablet PCs and smartphones .

Windows is still the most successful operating system. Windows 7 has become verypopular after the failure of its predecessor Vista. But this may change. By 2012 laptop and major netbook manufacturers are expected to offer machines with Chrome OSpreinstalled .

Not everyone will use Google OS . Gamers will avoid it because need better hardware and those that use high-tech software will also stick to normal PCs. But for many normal users, pressing the button and getting connected to your Facebook account may soon become reality .

Words

• account = name and password that a person has in order to use a special program on the internet
• aim = plan, what someone wants
• anti-virus software = program that protects your computer from computer viruses
• application = program
• avoid = keep away from
• browser = a program that finds information on the internet and shows it on a computer screen
• community = internet users
• connect = link
• desktop OS = an operating system that works on a PC without an internet connection
• develop = build
• development = growth
• failure = not a success, flop
• further = more, extra
• gamer = a person who spends most of their time playing computer games
• hardware = physical part of the computer
• high –tech = most modern
• manufacture = make, produce
• needs = wishes
• netbook = small laptop computer
• offer = present, sell
• old-fashioned = not modern any more
• operating system = a system in a computer that helps all the programs work together
• popular = well-liked
• predecessor = here: the operating system before Windows 7
• preinstall = it is already installed when you buy it
• reality = it can really happen
• search engine = a computer program that helps you find information on the Internet
• skip = leave out
• smartphone = a mobile phone that works like a small computer
• speed = tempo, how fast something is
• startup = when you start your computer
• stick = stay with
• successful = liked by many people
• tablet PC = small PC with a touch screen
• vision = dream, idea

China's New Supercomputer

Words

• biomedical = science that deals with health
• development = to make something new
• forecast = predict, foretell
• graphic processor = the part of a computer that carry out graphic commands
• Intel = American company that produces computer chip
• operation = job, task
• overtake = to be better than
• perform = do, carry out
• prestigious = important; with a high-status
• process = to work out information
• replace = to use instead of
• research = if you study a subject in order to find out new facts
• scientist = a person who is trained in science or works in a laboratory
• store = save
• weigh = how heavy something is

Words

· activate = turn on

· attain = get

· by no means = never

· cache = special part of a computer’s memory that allows it to work faster by storing information for a short time

· certain = special

· data = information

· disclose = release, show

· employer = the person who you work for

· encrypted= to put in a special code

· especially = above all

· form = a document with spaces that you can fill out

· habit = things that you do regularly

· hide = not show

· in exchange = to give someone something and get something else in return

· knowledge = the information you have about something

· management = how you deal with or organize something

· obtain = get

· option = choice

· regularly = very often

· reply = answer

· secure = safe

· sensitive = important

· share = use together with

· store = save

· submit = send

The new robot revolution

Robots entered everyday lives a long time ago. They are already used in many industries like car production, packaging and especiallyin jobs, in which humans would be in danger. Robots that can do chores like cleaning the floor or mowing lawns are already availablein stores. In medicine, robots are used to replace limbs and other parts of the body.

Researchers claim that a new generation of robots will be able to do things that were unthinkable in the past. This new generation of machines will do household chores, educate children and even look after elderly people. Some say that the new robot revolution will be similar to the invention of the PC in the 1970s and 80s.

A new generation of robots designed to help the elderly is currently being developed in Japan. Japanese scientists are programming robots to work with people who have suffered a stroke; others will serve as personal gymnastic trainers. New robots can help out people who normally care for others and prevent them from burnouts.

Words

• area = field
• autistic = a problem in your brain that make it difficult for you to communicate with others
• available = to be had
• burnout = the feeling of always being tired, especially if you have worked too hard
• care for = take care of, look after
• chore = job, task
• claim = to say that something is true
• currently = now
• design = make
• develop = plan, make
• elderly = old
• enter = step into
• especially = above all
• few = not many
• household chore = things you regularly do in the house like cleaning the carpet or washing the dishes
• invention = a useful machine or tool
• key = solution
• limb = a leg or an arm
• mood = the way you feel at a certain time
• mow the lawn = cut the grass in the garden
• necessary = important, needed
• packaging = putting a cover on products so that you can sell them
• perform tasks = do jobs
• prevent = stop from happening
• react = answer
• replace = substitute
• researcher = a person who studies facts in order to find out more about something
• routine = regular, everyday
• scientist = a person who is trained in science and works in a lab
• serve = work as
• similar = like
• social = here: with other people
• stroke = a blood vessel in your brain suddenly breaks open
• suffer = to have pain
• technology = methods
• trust = to believe that they will not do anything bad
• unthinkable = impossible

Words

· advertise = to tell the public about your products or services

· app = computer program that works on your mobile phone

· based = here: the country it comes from

· brand = type of product made by a company

· break into = here: to become a part of the market

· certain = special

· comparison = to find out how cheap products are

· costumer = person who buys a product

· distance = space

· e-commerce = buying and selling products and services over the Internet

· encourage = to talk someone into doing something

· exchange = swap, trade

· experience = the way you feel something

· female = woman

· firm = company

· focus = center

· force = power

· goods = products

· mobile phone = small telephone that you always have with you

· on sale = cheaper than normal

· online community = place on the Internet where people get together and share their experiences

· potential = possible; would-be

· quality = how good something is

· review = opinion on a product

· service = work or a job that you do for money

· smartphone = portable phone that has the functions of a computer

· social = with friends

· social media network = websites that allow people to get into contact with each other and share things

· spread = to move from one place to another

· target = aim at; try to get

· traditional =normal; something that has been around for a long time

· unimaginable = hardly possible

· via = over

· virtual = not real

Words

· above all = especially

· advantage = something that helps you to be more successful than others

· attract = pull towards something

· based = here: to have their seat here

· biotechnology = the use of living things such as cells, bacteria etc.. to make drugs and other substances

· capital = money

· confront = face, meet

· corporation= large company

· deal with = manage

· decade = ten years

· demand = need

· destination = place

· development = the process of working on something new

· discover = find for the first time

· engineering = designing and building roads, bridges , machines etc..

· experience = knowledge, skill, know-how

· face = deal with

· fertile = to be able to produce good crops

· foreign = from another country

· gain = get

· globe = world

· headquarters = the main building of a company, or from where a company is controlled

· hire = to get someone to work for you

· however = but

· hub = centre

· in addition = also

· including = also

· innovative = here: doing something that is new and different from what had been done before

· manufacturing = the making of products

· most populous = with many people living in a small area

· outsource = when a company has work done in other countries because it is cheaper

· pasture = land or field that is covered with grass on which cows and sheep can eat

· personnel = people who work in a company

· pleasant = nice, lovely

· pop up = start

· potential = to be able to develop into something very good

· recently = a short time ago

· referred to = called

· research = to study a topic and find out new facts about it

· reside = to be present in

· rise = go up, move up

· solely = only

· start-up= new small company, especially one that works in the computer business

· tree-lined = with trees on both sides

· tremendous = very big

· tremendous speed = very fast

· wages = money you get for the work you do

· workforce = people who work in a business or industry

Windows XP

Words

· announce = to say officially

· application = program, software

· cloud computing = programs and data are not on your own computer but on servers across the internet

· deliver = offer, give to

· develop = make, create

· firm = company

· funds = money

· however = but

· in addition = also

· launch = start

· mixed feelings = good and bad feelings

· preferably = the best option or choice

· reject = not accept

· requirements = something that someone needs or asks for

· security patch = small program that fixes leaks in the operating system through which a virus might get into your computer

· skip = leave out

· spur = to get someone to do something faster

· stick - stuck to = stayed with

· support = here: help in the form of updates

· switch = change to

Words

· access = get connected to; to be allowed to enter

· affect = influence

· appliance = tool, machine

· cloud computing = system in which programs and data are not stored on your own computer but on the internet

· code = set of instructions that tells a computer what to do

· concept = idea, model, way of doing something

· cyberbullying = to threaten or frighten someone through the internet or social media networks

· data = information

· determine = control, decide

· develop = create; to make something new

· developed countries = rich countries in North America, Europe, as well as Japan and Australia

· device = small machine

· disappear = vanish, go away

· document = written text

· dominate = to be number one, control

· e-commerce = the activity of buying and selling goods using a computer

· electricity = the power that is carried by wires and cables and is used to give us light and heat and make machines work

· essential = very important

· even though = while

· exchange = give and take; move from one place to another

· existence = to be present

· face = look at

· fraction = small part

· globe = world

· however = but

· increasingly = more and more

· influence = effect, have an impact on

· interactive = to be able to communicate directly with something

· invention = discovery

· invisible = not to be seen

· IT = Information Technology

· item = object

· legally = according to the law

· leisure time = free time, when you are not working

· mere = plain, ordinary

· nowadays = today

· operating system = a system in a computer that helps all the programs to work together

· regularly = often, most of the time

· replace = to take the place of

· researcher = a person who wants to find out more about a certain topic

· revolutionize = change, modernise

· scientist = a person who works in a laboratory and is trained in science

· server= main computer on a network, which controls others

· several = many

· share = part of the whole

· share = use together

· Smart TV = television that is connected to the internet and can be used as a computer

· social media = platform designed to communicate with people, chat with them, send photos etc.,..

· society = culture, people in general

· store = to save things in a place until you need them

· supply = provide , give to someone

· take for granted = to expect something to always be here

· towards = near

· wide scale = here: by many people

· widespread = used by many people

Read and translate the texts. Write out the verbs used in Passive. Complete the tasks.