Kazakhstan Balance of Trade
Kazakhstan recorded a trade surplus of 2056.40 USD Million in November of 2014. Balance of Trade in Kazakhstan averaged 1480.53 USD Million from 1998 until 2014, reaching an all-time high of 6771.90 USD Million in June of 2011 and a record low of -22.10 USD Million in November of 1998.
During the writing you can use these highlighted words describing trends.
1) Sales of audio cassettes fell steadily.
2) iPod sales rose gradually.
3) Plasma TV sales fluctuated widely, but the trend was upward.
4) Sales of video cassettes fluctuated widely, and the trend was downward.
5) Total digital camera sales dropped slightly.
6) Sales of audio cassettes felland then leveled off.
7) The sales of MP3 –players rose gradually and then climbed sharply.
8) Purchases of video cassette recorders declined dramatically.
9) Sales of games consoles decreased and then leveled off.
10)CD sales dropped suddenly.
Writing an essay
Key points:
· When writing an essay, make sure you are using an appropriately formal register
· Clearly separate paragraphs that helps with organization
· Introduce topic and describe tendencies
· Use appropriate phrases for a discursive-type essay (e.g.,It is probably true to say that…., It is also the case that…..)
· Use formal linking devices (e.g., On the other hand…., In conclusion…..)
· Use impersonal language in preference to first person pronouns
Task
You have recently had a class discussion on the role that money plays in people’s lives. Your teacher has asked you to write an essay, giving your opinion on the following statement:
Making money has become too important to many people in our modern society.
Write your essay in 250 words.
PROJECT MODELLING
Task: Develop a PPT slide show on the topics given below. Work in groups of two. Search for information using various sources and be able to present the written outputs, convincing the necessity of each paper and collected data. Specify the aim, objectives and topicality of your project. Support your presentations with diagrams, charts, tables with precise analysis of the data.
1. Branches, forms of enterprises and their effectiveness in Kazakhstan, Great Britain and the USA.
2. Securities market in the Republic of Kazakhstan. General characteristics.
3. The collapse of the stock market in 2008 as the beginning of the global economic crisis.
4. Types of trade in Kazakhstan and its regulation methods.
5. Objects and types of internal trade in the Republic of Kazakhstan
6. Foreign trade. Measures for the development of foreign trade activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
7. Getting a loan can be a complex process in trying to figure out the terms of the agreement. Imagine that you need a loan to pay for a car or college tuition. Find a Web site that offers the type of loan you need, and analyze the information. Whatdoestheactualcostoftheloaninclude?
WORDLIST OF UNIT 2
FILE 1
| political system | executive authority |
| republic | totalitarian regime |
| judicial branch | ministers |
| political party | parliament |
| democracy | citizenship |
| socio-political movements | convention |
| monarchy | Billof Rights |
| legislative power | declarationofrights |
| theocracy | opposition |
| government | electorate |
| subsidiarysystem | impeachment |
| unitaryconstitution | individualliberty |
| veto | labourlegislation |
| worldcourt | mandatorystate |
| alliance | roundtableconference |
| maslikhat | akimat |
FILE 2
| developing countries | co-operate |
| less developed countries | integrate |
| industrialized world | multilateral/unilateral |
| richer nations | communication |
| superpower | protest |
| global village | demonstrate |
| global trade | critics of |
| international(co–operation) | debate |
| the world | standardization |
| local/national/domestic | loss of identity |
| ubiquitous | sweatshops/outsourcing |
| universal | national sovereignty |
FILE 3
| city-state | modernization |
| industrialization | balance of power |
| middle class | colonization |
| agriculture | trade |
| genocide | corporation |
| civilization | interdependence |
| barter | European Community/European Union |
| environment | constitution |
| golden age | civil disobedience |
| desertification | developing nations |
| centralized government | capitalism |
| human rights | invasion |
| cultural diffusion | League of Nations |
| militarism | nation-state |
WORDLIST OF UNIT 3
FILE 1
| fossil fuel | production |
| crude oil | refining |
| porous rocks | upstream |
| hydrocarbons | downstream |
| non-renewable energy | conventional oil reserves |
| low-calorie gas | petroleum |
| exploration | gas consumption |
| development | merchandise |
| barrel | rich gas |
| gas resources | drilling |
| geologist | underground formations |
| dry hole | flat spot/bright spot |
| hydrocarbon saturation | oil and gas reserves |
| rig | gathering line |
| piping | oil tank |
| capacity | oil depot |
| underground storage | railcar |
| refined products | pump station |
| batch | stable substance |
| sales point | contract arrangements |
| benchmark | crude blend |
| oil refinery | gasoline |
| distilled fuel oil | residual fuel |
| sour crude | sweet crude |
| distillation | reforming |
| cracking | marketable commodities |
| subsoil use rights | petroleum legislation |
| concession system/agreement | profit taxes |
| mining rights | oil spill |
| contamination | oil residues |
| environmental impact study | proven/probable reserves |
| expansion | energy producer |
| availability of oil | estimated reserves |
| liquid fuel | well test |
| ferrous/non-ferrous metals | mineral resources |
| mining | zinc, ore, lead, copper, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, coal, electricity, heat, raw gold, silica brick |
| geologic exploration | manganese and chromite industries |
| mineral commodities | gross production of the mining and metallurgy |
| mining enterprises | precious metals |
| raw stock | final product |
| pure metal | scattered metals |
FILE 2
| livestock | human consumption |
| farming | raw ingredients |
| producing food | ready meals |
| feeding | canned food |
| fiber | frozen food |
| cultivation of products | fresh ingredients |
| improving farming methods | baked food |
| food processing | bakery |
| suppliers | manufacturers |
| warehouses | retailers |
| consumers | year-round supply |
| food service | food industry technologies |
| agricultural machinery | biotechnology |
| food chemistry | chemical wastes |
| safety of automobile | motor vehicles |
| product and operation, inspection test | light trucks |
| gasoline | gallon |
| diesel fuel | mode of transportation |
| own a car | light vehicle |
| passenger cars | light commercial vehicles |
| heavy trucks | buses and coaches |
| gas-electric hybrid vehicles | fuel-efficient vehicles |
| pickup trucks | small cars |
| buyer | consumer |
| clothes industry | shoes industry |
| furniture | consumer electronics |
| home appliances | set of restaurants |
| sandwich delicatessens | pizzerias |
| sushi bars |
FILE 3
| pesticide | fiber |
| fertilizer | cultivation of products |
| cultivation of the earth | improving farming methods |
| farming/farmer | GDP |
| rainfall/snowfall | agriculturist |
| generosity of nature | crop rotation |
| crops | liming of fields |
| planter | harvest |
| livestock | haying |
| cattle-breeding | threshing |
| feeding products | mowing |
| planting | consumer |
| plow up | farmer cooperatives |
| safe food standards | rural banks |
| to advance agricultural research | farm products |
| farm bill | farm equipment |
| cotton | food-processing industries |
| wheat | seasonal workers/migrant workers |
| agribusiness | artificial fertilizer |
| cropland | soil |
| to water plants | no-till farming |
| toxic farm chemicals | gene-splicing technology |
| biotechnology | labour |
FILE 4
| start-ups | business grants |
| small/medium business | business plan |
| to run business | partnership |
| barriers | franchise |
| qualifications | venture capital |
| entrepreneur/ship | rival company |
| networking organizations | failure |
| problems/risks | mediocre team |
| leadership qualities | business/work-related skills |
| behavioral skills | innovative companies |
| mature market | focus on customer needs |
| business idea | personal qualities |
| prospective | business loans |
| know-how | long-term/short-term/medium-term |
| benefits | solution |
| consumer needs | deadline |
| account/invoice | payment terms |
| salary and salary guide | job title |
| employer/ee | candidate profile |
| application | contact details |
| set up business | start up |
| time-management | analytical thinking |
| workshop | well-being |
| coach/trainer | competition |
| family business | business climate |
| enterprise | favourable and attractive conditions |
| domestic/foreign | business road map |
| flexibility | competitive |
| output of goods | tax climate |
| interest rate of business | business environment |
| refusal | vocational education |
| client focus | decision making |
| effective communication | intercultural competence |
| networking | self-development |
| innovation | results orientation |
WORDLIST OF UNIT 4