The workshop of the world
ФГБОУ ВПО Тамбовский государственный университет
Им. Г.Р. Державина
Бортникова Т.Г., Зимина Е.И., Кондакова Н.Н.,
Лычаная С.А., Романова В.М.
Лексический минимум:
Английский язык
Учебное пособие для развития лексических навыков студентов направлений 380301 "Экономика", 380302 "Менеджмент", 380305 "Бизнес-информатика", 380303"Управление персоналом", 380304 "Государственное и муниципальное управление", 430301"Сервис".
Тамбов 2014
Рецензенты:
Бортникова Т.Г., Зимина Е.И., Кондакова Н.Н., Лычаная С.А., Романова В.М.
Лексический минимум: английский язык. Учебное пособие для развития лексических навыков студентов направлений 380301 "Экономика", 380302 "Менеджмент", 380305 "Бизнес-информатика", 380303"Управление персоналом", 380304 "Государственное и муниципальное управление", 430301"Сервис". - Тамбов: ТГУ им. Г.Р. Державина, 2014.
Учебное пособие разработано для студентов первого и второго курсов бакалавриата. В нем представлены задания для самостоятельной работы с лексикой, изучаемой в рамках тем курса, а также примеры тестовых заданий для подготовки к контрольным работам по курсу.
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Учебное пособие «Лексический минимум: английский язык» состоит из восьми глав, содержащих современные профессионально ориентированные материалы. Каждый текст пособия снабжен кратким словарем и упражнениями, целью которых является усвоение лексики данного текста, контроль за пониманием содержания прочитанного, развитие навыков чтения и устной речи. Книга рассчитана на студентов вузов, специалистов, изучающих английский язык в связи с деятельностью в сфере экономики и финансов. Может быть полезна старшеклассникам и всем лицам, изучающим английский язык в группах и самостоятельно.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Unit I. The Workshop of the World
Unit II. How It All Started
Unit III. Made in Britain
Unit IV. The Welfare State: Food for Thought
Unit V. Choosing a Career
Unit VI.The Power of Economics and Economists
Unit VII. Why We Study Economics?
Unit VIII.Types of Resources
UNIT I
THE WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD
Little more than a century ago, Britain was «the workshop of the world». It had as many merchant ships as the rest of the world put together and it led the world in most manufacturing industries. This did not last long. In 1885 one analysis reported, «We have come to occupy a position in which we are no longer progressing, but even falling back... We find other nations able to compete with us to such an extent, as we have never before experienced. » Early in the twentieth century Britain was overtaken economically by the United States and Germany. After two world wars and the rapid loss of its empire, Britain found it increasingly difficult to maintain its position even in Europe.
At present, the nation's industries can be divided into three sectors of activity. The primary sector is concerned with raw materials such as cereals and minerals. Processing these materials is the field of the manufacturing sector. The service sector provides services of various kinds such as transport or distribution, but does not manufacture goods. The construction industry can be thought of either as part of the manufacturing sector, or as a separate fourth sector.
Earlier in its history, Britain had a very large manufacturing sector. Food, fuel and raw materials such as cotton were imported in large quantities and paid for with finished goods manufactured in Britain: the country was known as «the workshop of the world». Today, the manufacturing sector and the small primary sector are employing fewer and fewer people. For example, during the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s the mining and energy industries lost 20 per cent of their jobs. This was mainly through increases in productivity, so that fewer workers were producing the same output more efficiently. Productivity rose by 14 per cent in the same period in British industry as a whole, although it had previously been low by comparison with other advanced industrial nations. Meanwhile service industries like banking and catering were expanding their workforce.
Generally speaking, among the main trends in industrial activity in Britain during the 1980s and 1990s have been the decline in heavy-industry andthe growth of the offshore oil and gas industries together with related productsand services; the rapid development of electronic and microelectronic technologies and their application to a wide range of other sectors; and a continuous rise in the service industries' share of total employment. Tourism, for example, is now one of Britain's most important industries and a growing source of employment (supporting more than one million jobs).
Britain has a mixed economy, based partly on state ownership but mainly on private enterprise. In the mid-eighties the private sector accounted for 72 per cent of total employment and 74 per cent of the goods and services produced in Britain. Government policy throughout the 1980s was to sell state-owned industries such as British Telecom and British Airways to private investors, thereby further increasing the size of the private sector.
Vocabulary
| workshop (n) | мастерская |
| merchant (n) | купец |
| manufacturing industry | производящая промышленность |
| compete (v) | соревноваться |
| economically (adv.) | в сфере экономики |
| primary sector | добывающая промышленность |
| raw materials | сырье |
| cereals (n, pl.) | зерновые культуры |
| minerals (n, pl.) | полезные ископаемые |
| process (v) | перерабатывать |
| manufacturing sector | сектор производства |
| service sector | сфера (индустрия) услуг |
| services (n, pl.) | услуги |
| distribution (n) | распределение благ, товаров,услуг |
| goods (n, pi) | товары |
| construction industry | строительная индустрия |
| mining industry | угольная промышленность |
| energy industry | энергетическая промышленность |
| job (n) | рабочее место; работа |
| productivity (n) | производительность (труда) |
| output (n) | производство; объем производства |
| banking (n) | банковское дело |
| catering (n) | обслуживающий сектор |
| workforce (n) | рабочая сила |
| decline (n) | спад |
| offshore oil and gas | морские разработки нефти и газа |
| share (n) | доля; акция |
| employment (n) | занятость |
| mixed economy | смешенная экономика |
| state ownership | государственная собственность |
| private enterprise | частное предпринимательство |
| investor (n) | инвестор |
Vocabulary exercises
1. Which of the following statements are true/false according to the text? Correct the false sentences:
| 1. In the early 1900-s Britain was the world leader in most manufacturing industries. | |
| 2. At the beginning of the twentieth century Britain was overtaken economically by Italy and Spain. | |
| 3. After the rapid loss of its empire, Britain was able to maintain its position in Europe. | |
| 4. Now the nation's industries can be divided into three sectors of activity. | |
| 5. Raw materials are cereals and minerals. | |
| 6. Manufacturing sector provides services of various kinds such as transport or distribution. | |
| 7. In the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s the mining and energy industries created 20 per cent of their jobs. | |
| 8. Banking and catering were expanding their workforce. | |
| 9. Nowadays, tourism supports more than one million jobs. | |
| 10. British economy is based totally on state ownership. |
2. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
1. We find other nations able to _____ with us to such an extent as we have never before experienced.
2. The service sector ______ of various kinds such as transport or distribution.
3. The construction industry can be thought of either as ______, or as a separate fourth sector.
4. Earlier in its history, Britain had a very large ______.
5. Raw materials such as cotton were imported in large quantities and paid for with ______ manufactured in Britain.
6. Today, the manufacturing sector and the small primary sector are employing ______.
7. In the 1980s and 1990s there was a decline in ______.
8. In the mid-eighties the private sector accounted for 74 per cent of the goods and services produced ______.
9. In the mid-eighties the ______ accounted for 72 per cent of total employment.
10. Government policy throughout the 1980s was to ______ state-owned industries.
3. Fill in the table with the data from the text:
| The 1980-s | The 1990-s |
4. Find in the text English equivalents for the following:
| конкурировать | |
| обгонять | |
| испытывать | |
| потеря империи | |
| в настоящее время | |
| ранее в своей истории | |
| в больших количествах | |
| готовые товары | |
| спад в промышленности | |
| увеличивать |
5. Translate into Russian:
| put together | |
| to occupy a position | |
| to such an extent | |
| increasingly difficult | |
| a separate fourth sector | |
| employ few people | |
| by comparison with | |
| other advanced industrial nations | |
| generally speaking | |
| total employment |
6. Fill in the gaps with the proper words and phrases: