Is replacement of a SL syntactical unit by a TL unit of a more simple structure.

It is often resorted to for stylistic reasons, especially in belles-lettres texts when there exists an incompatibility between the structural forms of the syntactical units of the SL and their semantic and structural equivalents in the TL.

The most often occurring reduction is

· Changing of an extended word-group into a simpler sense unit:

E.g.1: She gave him a little smile and took his hand (Maugham)

Вона грайливо посміхнулася і взяла його руку. – phraseological expression

INTEGRATION/ MERGER

Is transformation of a SL complex sentence into a TL simple one or joining of two separate SL sentences into one composite sentence in the TL.

It may be required by the content, as well as by the nationally specific way of expression, or by the style of the text.

E.g.1: “That’s what I say,” she said. “That’s what I feel,” she said (Parker)

“Оце така моя думка”, сказала вона. “Отак я ставлюсь доцього,” підсумувала вона.

E.g.2: “ I talk to him like I don’t know what. I get so excited (D.Parker)

“ Я як розійдуся, то такого наговорю, що й сама не знаю що”.

To avoid literalism and structural/ syntactic awkwardness in Ukrainian the translator joined two sentences into one, which made the Ukrainian variant sound stylistically and semantically quite natural

E.g.3: Олена любить усі свої ролі. Якщо якусь з них довго не танцює то починає сумувати.

Olena loves all her roles and even misses them should too much time pass without performing them.

Generally, integration is a translslation device wholly depending on stylistic peculiarities and communication intent of the text being translated.

In oral translation integration may be a text compression tool when an interpreter (consecutive or simultaneous) is to reduce the exuberant elements of the source text to keep in pace with the speaker.

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PARTITIONING (breaking)

is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound/ complex/ composite target one.

One is to distinguish between inner and outer partitioning:

– inner partitioning – conversion of a simple sentence into a compound or a complex one;

E.g.1: Come along and see me play one evening.

Приходь коли-небудь ввечері – побачиш, як я граю.

E.g.2: This was a man to be seen and to be understood.

Щоб зрозуміти, треба було побачити.

More often than not inner partitioning is a regular objectively required translation transformation accounted for by the differences in the Ukrainian and English syntactic structures.

It may come handy in dealing with the English syntactic complexes; to overcome the difficulties caused by the idiomatic semantic structure of the ST.

(though it may be also used on individual occasions as required by the text genre and style and communication variety of the source sentence).

– outer partitioning – division of a sentence into two or more.

When translating from English into Ukrainian outer partitioning (unlike inner) is more a matter of personal translator’s choice based of course on the proper account of stylistic and genre peculiarities and communication intent of both the ST and its translation. Outer partitioning is out of the question in case of translating official legal or diplomatic documents (laws, contracts) but it becomes a totally justified translation option, say, in consecutive translation of a long and complex sentences.

It is expedient to term such kind of alterations in the structural plane of syntactic units as “outer transformations” as well. “Outer” or explicit transformations cause some alterations in the structure of the corresponding sense units of the SL in the TL.

These were by far all the possible objectively required or deliberately introduced grammatical transformations called forth in the process of translation. They are absolutely necessary in order to achieve a faithful expression of content of the English sentences and maintain the logical flow of thought characteristic of the national Ukrainian speech.

!!!It should be noted that any rearrangement, substitution, addition or omission of a grammatical category is actually part of the process of structural alteration of the utterance so that one technique cannot be rigidly isolated from another.

It goes without saying that in most cases grammatical transformations are accompanied by changes in the lexical structure of the utterance.