| Can – to be able to | Present | Past | Future |
| Физическая и умственная способность, возможность выполнить действие. Перевод: могу, умею | can, cannot (can’t) I can swim. Сan you swim? No, I can’t swim. | could, could not (couldn’t) Только was/were able to для положительных, разовых действий | shall/will be able (to), shall/will not be able (to) Will you be able to…? |
| Must – to have (to) |
| Долженствование, приказ (совет, предположение). Перевод: должен, нужно, надо (должно быть, вероятно) | must, must not (mustn’t) - Must he do it? - No, he needn’t. She must be ill. | had (to) did not have (to) Did you have to… I had to go to the library yesterday. | must (not) (приказ) shall/will have (to) shall not/will not have (to) You must do it. I will have to do it. |
| May – to be allowed (to) |
| Разрешение (предположение). Перевод: можно (возможно, может быть) | may, may (not) -May I ask you a question? -Yes, you may. It may rain. | might might not (в косвенное речи) She said it might rain in the evening. | may (говорящий разрешает) shall / will be allowed (to) shall not/ will not/ be allowed (to) |
| Should / Ought to |
| Выражает моральный долг, совет, упрек ( в Past). Перевод: следует. | Present, Future – should help / ought to help You should help your parents. Past – should have helped (следовало бы помочь) |
| to have (to) | Present | Past | Future |
| Необходимость, вызванная какими-то обстоятельствами. Перевод: должен, приходится | have/has to, do not have to, doesn’t have to Do you have to get up early? | had to, did not have to Did you have to go there? – Yes I did. | shall / will have to… You will have to tell him about it. |
| to be (to) |
| Необходимость в соответствии с договоренностью, планом, расписанием. |  We are to meet now. | was (were) to meet We were to meet here. |  We are to meet tomorrow. |
| Shall |
| Обещание, предупреждение, угроза; обращение за советом/мнением собеседника; указание, в разделительных вопросах после Let’s… . | Don’t worry, they shall do it in time. You shall be sorry about it. When she comes in, nobody shall say a word. Shall I buy this coat? – Yes, certainly. Let’s go home, shall we? |
| Will/would |
| Намерение, решимость; просьба, предложение; привычное действие; в разделительных вопросах после Let… и повелительного наклонения; отказ выполнять действие (won’t – часто с неодушевленными предметами); в условных предложениях; вероятность. | Will you cut the grass in the garden? – No, I won’t do it. Will/would you open the window? In fine weather she would often sit in the sun for hours. The door won’t open. Let me help you, will/won’t you? Be careful, will/won’t you? Don’t do it, will you? If there won’t be an increase in my salary, I’ll give up this job. You will be Mr.Smith. |
| Need, needn’t |
| Необходимость или отсутствие необходимости выполнить действие. Перевод: нужно, не нужно,не нужно было | needn’t come You needn’t go there now. | needn’t have come You needn’t have gone there yesterday. | needn’t come You needn’t come here tomorrow. |
| Dare |
| Иметь смелость, дерзость сделать что-то. Note: Глаголы need и dare могут употребляться как смысловые в предложении. | How dare you tell me about it? I need your help. I didn’t dare to do it. |
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