Political socialisation: approaches and the basic interpretations in a political science

The theory of political socialisation was formed as a component of the general theory of the socialisation explaining vzaimootno -

шения the individual and a society. Socialisation (from an armour. socialis - public) represents process of mastering by the individual of certain system of knowledge, norms and the values allowing it to function as the full member of a society.In process of comprehension of that fact that mankind progress is connected with disclosing of spiritual potential of the person, there were the theories, aspiring to offer recipes of overcoming of accruing alienation of the person from a society, its inclusions in a context of social interrelations.

There are some treatments of process of socialisation. One of the most widespread consists in understanding of socialisation as development of personal control.It is developed Z. Freud also it is connected with ideas of classical psychoanalysis. At the heart of its theory position that the individual always is in a condition of the conflict to a society, overwhelming it biological (sexual) promptings with which he is born lies. Socialisation process consists in bridling of these destructive instincts and promptings. However society control over natural instincts creates intensity and discomfort of existence of the person which loses a freedom of expression. In this connection the requirement of the person for self-checking amplifies to avoid fear and nervousness situations.

Authors of other model of socialisation consider it as result of interpersonal dialogue.This model is based on the theory symbolical интеракционизма C.H.Kuli and J. G.Mid according to whom the person forms the "I" as a result of diverse interactions of people with world around (интеракций). In the course of interaction people react to those values which they order to stimulus influencing them, instead of stimulus. Special value is got by interpretation of thoughts, gestures, feelings of other people. Not casually supporters of the given approach have paid attention to effect of group influence on the person that has allowed to reveal value of social installations for socialisation of the person. Proceeding from it, they defined a maturity of the individual achievement of comfort by it with existing social system, that is voluntary submission of the person to installations and the system purposes.

Its characteristic as role trainingbecame prevailing model of socialisation in the western science. A theoretical basis of similar understanding of socialisation is T.Parsons's structural functionalism. The individual co-operates with other people thanks to those social roles which it acquires (a role of the teacher, a role of the child, a role of the passenger, a role of the husband etc.).

The theory of "political support» D.Istona and J. Денниса

Within the limits of the first version of political socialisation we will consider the theory of "political support» D.Istona and J. Денниса which has made essential impact on development of all concept and applied for universality, that is practical use in all western countries.

The theory of "political support» should be considered in wider context - from the point of view of ability of political system to provide stability and dynamic balance by means of interchange with environment (economic, social, cultural systems). Interaction of political system with environment is carried out through the mechanism «an input - an exit». On system "input" requirements and support arrive, and on "exit" the declared requirements or support are embodied in political decisions and power actions. Power methods to achieve acceptance of political ends and values as practice has shown, it is impossible. The new method of stabilisation of system which consisted in maintenance of voluntary acceptance with people of political ends Was required. It appears possible in the event that the system is capable to create and support belief of individuals in the legitimacy and legality. In other words, achieve support of citizens political system can by formation of positive psychological installation on voluntariness of acceptance of norms and values of culture dominating in a society. Such installation of the person on system develops under the influence of the agents of socialisation considering level of a maturity of the individual.

In work «Children and political system» D.Iston and J. Деннис recognise that positive installation defining in creation primary socialisation (that is got in the childhood) is. By analogy with 3. Freud, they insist that «base children's feelings are forced out and change more difficultly,

D.Iston and I.Denis distinguish four aspects of primary political socialisation:

- Direct perception the child of political life. It scoops the information on it in estimations of parents, in their political reactions and feelings;

- Policy "personification" in which course the cognizance of those or others belonging to sphere of the power of figures becomes for it синомимом contacts to political system;

- "Idealisation" of these political images, that is formation on their basis of steady emotional relations to a policy;

- “институционализация” the properties found in the course of socialisation, testifying to complication of a political picture of the world of the child and its transition to independent vision of a policy.

Provides independence existing social and ethnic groups, their security from an arbitrariness of the authorities. At the heart of relations of the power and a civil society the aspiration of a society to secure from traditionally strong and бюрократизированного the states lies.

It is obvious that claims of various models of political socialisation for universality and generality are doomed to a failure as process of mastering of political ends and standards of political behaviour in each concrete society is specific, caused by features of their cultural environments.