Structure of a policy and the maintenance of its various forms

The policy provides integrity of a society thanks to interaction of its structural elements. As the policy is first of all conscious activity of people participating in it so far as its first element are subjects of a policy: individuals, social groups, layers, the organisations which expressly or by implication are participating in process of realisation of the government or carrying out influence on it. The subject of a policy can be structurally organised and represent social institute, as, for example, political party, trade union, church, mass media, the state, the international organisation (the United Nations, the European parliament etc.). Besides, as subjects of a policy can act social a generality (layers, classes, the nations, elite, weights, professional groups) and the separate person (the political leader, simply ordinary citizens quite often called by inhabitants).

Subjects of a policy enter political relations, that is relations of distribution and use of the government on the basis of political interests, and also the purposes, installations, valuable orientations, beliefs, ideals, with which they ruko –

Fig. 1.2. Policy structure

Policy structure

political power

political subjects

political organization

political consciousness

political culture

political relations

водствуются in the activity. Correlating them to real conditions of own life, subjects of a policy realise the maintenance of the political interests. So the system of estimations, senses and statements which make the maintenance of political consciousness is formed. The reality estimation, participation in political life can be carried out on the basis of emotions, feelings, the experiences forming political psychology. But political participation can be rationally comprehended and to be under construction on the basis of following to system of representations - political ideology.

Realisation of the realised interests assumes interaction with other groups having other requirements, and power institutes. Character of interaction of participants of political life (confrontation between them or the consent and tolerance, political strike or cooperation) depends on a maturity of political culture of subjects, a society condition (its prosperity, stability or crisis). Arising and constantly changing

Social requirements of groups and individuals demand timely representation and satisfaction. For this purpose there is a system of institutes legislative, executive and judicial authority. It should react adequately to politically significant requirements, realise them in the form of administrative decisions, i.e. operate social processes and regulate them. However efficiency of administrative decisions appreciably depends on presence of mature system of representation of the interests, including party system, the political organisations and movements, pressure groups etc. which are capable to formulate accurately the valid requirements of groups and to finish them to power structures in the form of requirements, programs etc. the State and its bodies, party system, pressure groups, social movements make political организациюобщества, called to express valid, group and private interests.

The policy as management and management sphere can concern with public processes of various spheres of activity of the person. Depending on in what sphere of public ability to live carries out the politician the регулятивную function, distinguish economic, social, demographic, agrarian, cultural, technical, military, national etc. a policy. On обращенности politicians allocate for the decision of internal or external problems internal and foreign policy. If as subjects of a policy the people, the states, social movements and the organisations of the different countries act, and a subject of their mutual relations are questions economic, social, political, legal, military, humanitarian etc. cooperation it is a question of a world policy. All is policy versions.

Policy functions

Value and policy role as social institute are caused by functions which it carries out in a society. The quantity of functions can be various. The policy function in a concrete society is more numerous, the the society and the political sphere crushing under other spheres are less developed.

The mature civil society represents the balanced and internally co-ordinated system of interaction of various spheres of ability to live of the person. In each sphere concrete requirements by means of methods integrally inherent in given sphere are realised. For example, requirements for foodstuff, consumer goods are satisfied with economic system by means of a material interest of the manufacturer. However in traditional or transitive societies immaturity of separate spheres is compensated by excessive influence

Politicians who carries out thus functions unusual for it, interfering with various fields of activity of a society, and as a matter of fact substituting it. Thereby possibilities of self-realisation of the person are reduced. But the societies developing on the basis of politiko-ideological methods (compulsion, myths, единомыслия) have the limited resource of development though are capable to reach impressing successes. In these societies the external motivation of activity (fear, violence or, on the contrary, mass enthusiasm) is formed and the internal motivation of the person (interests and requirements) does not develop almost.

In modern societies of the politician carries out a number of the most significant functions without which they cannot normally develop.

Fig. 1.3. Policy functions

Policy functins

Administrative and regulatory policy function.

Humanitarian function.

Function of political socialisation.

Rationalisa- tion function

Function of mobilisation and maintenance of efficiency of the general activity.

Function of maintenance of integrity and stability of a society.

1. Function of maintenance of integrity and stability of a society. The policy carries out this function thanks to ability to catch a tendency of public progress and in the tideway of these tendencies to formulate overall aims, to develop future projects, to define social reference points, finding for their realisation necessary resources. The policy can offer variants of the desirable future to which politically significant interests of groups are presented, layers, individuals, the state in the event that it is capable to integrate socially non-uniform groups.

2. Function of mobilisation and maintenance of efficiency of the general activity.Besides a formulation of the purposes forward razvi -

тия, the policy provides their realisation by creation of the motivational mechanism, giving to the individual effective possibilities for satisfaction of its social requirements, changes of its social status by means of the power.

3. Administrative and регулятивная policy function. The policy not only expresses imperiously significant interests and requirements of various groups of a society, but also provides their interaction, impact by acceptance of political decisions makes on their. Influencing interests of groups, the policy operates social processes and regulates them, using social compulsion

And violence.

4. Rationalisation function.Зримо representing group and individual interests, the policy develops the general rules and mechanisms of their representation and realisation. Thereby the policy rationalises conflicts and contradictions, warns them or in a civilised way resolves.

5. Function of political socialisation.Opening ample opportunities of realisation of group and individual interests, the policy includes the person in social relations, passing on it experience and skills of converting activity, effective performance of roles and functions.

6. Humanitarian function. This function is expressed in creation of guarantees of the rights and personal freedoms, maintenance of a public order, the civil world and organisation.

Successful performance by a policy of all listed functions guarantees continuity and поступательность in society development.