Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
Если в главном предложении сложноподчиненного предложения глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме прошедшего времени, то в придаточном дополнительном предложении употребляется одна из прошедших форм.
Если действие в придаточном предложении происходит одновременно с действием в главном, оно выражается формой Past Continuous (процесс) или Past Simple (факт).
We knew (that) he spoke good English. – Мы знали, что он хорошо говорит по-английски.
He said (that) he was watching TV. – Он сказал, что смотрит телевизор.
Если действие в придаточном предшествует действию главного предложения, оно выражается формой Past Perfect.
We didn’t know (that) he had left. – Мы не знали, что он уехал.
Если действие в придаточном будет происходить после действия в главном, оно выражается формой Future-in-the-Past (будущее в прошедшем).
We hoped he would pass his examination. – Мы надеялись, что он сдаст экзамен.
Если глагол главного предложения стоит в настоящем времени, то в придаточном глагол может стоять в любой временной форме.
I am not sure that everybody liked our suggestion. – Я не уверен, что всем понравится наше предложение.
I think the time is convenient for you. – Я думаю, что это время удобно для вас.
Задание 12.1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен.
1. I thought you spoke Russian. 2. The speaker said it was a historic discovery. 3. I was sure you knew everything. 4. We didn’t know they were still having talks. 5. I thought they hadn’t received our letter yet. 6. The director hoped that the film would be a success. 7. She thought we were waiting for her. 8. He said he would phone us as soon as he got to London.
Задание 12.2. Поставьте сказуемое главного предложения в прошедшее время. Сделайте соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении.
| Model A | |
| I think I know it. I thought I knew it. | 1. They say the hotel is a mile from the shore. 2. They write they are going to the south coast of Spain for their holidays. 3. He knows we have similar views on the problem. |
| Model B | |
| She says she heard it on the radio. She said she had heard it on the radio. | 1. I think he recognized me. 2. She says she didn’t see it. 3. He knows she didn’t say that. |
| Model C | |
| I hope you have settled it. I hoped you had settled it. | 1. She thinks she has lost the key. 2. She says she has never thought of that. |
| Model D | |
| I’m sure everything will be all right. I was sure everything would be all right. | 1. He says we’ll have a short rest when we get to the river. 2. Everybody understands the new project will be very expensive. |
13. Косвенная речь (Indirect Speech) Утверждения
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| She says, “I am happy”. | She says (that) she is happy. |
| She said, “I am happy”. | She said (that) she was happy. |
| “I don’t know anything about it”, he said to me. | He told me (that) he didn’t know anything about it. |
| Jack said, “My uncle has just bought a new car”. | Jack said (that) his uncle had just bought a new car. |
| I said to the nurse, ”You haven’t given me my medicine”. | I told to the nurse that she hadn’t give me my medicine. |
Задание 13.1. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи.
1. She says,” I’ll join you in a minute”. 2. He said, “I am absolutely sure”. 3. He said to us, “The project will be financed by several companies”. 4. The manager said to the interviewers, “The construction has been completed in record time”. 5. The air hostess says, ”The plane is landing”.
Приказания, команды, просьбы
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| The mother said to her children, “Don’t play with fire”. | The mother told her children not to play with fire. |
| I said to Peter, “Open the window, please”. | I asked Peter to open the window. |
| The teacher said to his students, “Don’t forget your home work”. | The teacher asked (or told) his students not to forget their homework. |
Задание 13.2. Переведите высказывания в косвенную речь.
1. I said to Jack, “Please, give me your dictionary”. 2. The doctor said to the sick man, “Don’t go back to work for a fortnight”. 3. The old man said to the little girl, “Don’t make so much noise”. 4. She said to the children, “Don’t make so much noise”. 5. “Please switch it on”, he said to me.
Предложения, советы, разрешения, предупреждения могут в кос-венной речи вводиться такими глаголами как advise – соответствовать, recommend – рекомендовать, remind – напоминать, suggest, propose – предлагать.
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| “You should take a holiday and have a good rest”, the doctor said to him. | The doctor advised him to take a holiday and have a good rest. |
| “Don’t forget to call Mr. Harris”, he said to his secretary. | He reminded his secretary to call Mr. Harris. |
| “Let me give you a lift”, he said to her. | He offered her a lift. |
Специальные вопросы
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| Jack asked, “Who has taken my pen?” | Jack asked who had taken his pen |
| I asked the farmer, “What is growing in that field?” | I asked the farmer what was growing in that field. |
| Mary’s mother asked her, “Whom did you see in the hospital?” | Mary’s mother asked her whom she had seen in the hospital. |
| I asked my sick friend, “What did the doctor say?” | I asked my sick friend what the doctor had said. |
| Tom asked Bob, “Where does your uncle live?” | Tom asked Bob where his uncle lived. |
| He asked us, “Which of you can explain it?” | He asked us which of you could explain it?” |
| “How soon shall I call back?” he asked. | He asked how soon he should call back. |
Задание 13.3. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи.
1. “How much time is left?” he asked. 2. She asked, “How far is the bus stop?” 3. I saw a cloud of smoke and asked, «What is burning?” 4. The policeman asked me, “Where did you lose your wallet?” 5. The teacher came into the classroom and asked the boys, “What are you doing?” 6. I asked Bob, “Why didn’t you answer my letter?” 7. Jack’s father asked him, “Whom are you writing a letter to?”
Общие и альтернативные вопросы
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| The manager asked, “Does the time suit everybody?” | The manager asked if (whether) the time suited everybody. |
| “So do you agree with me?” | He asked whether (if) we agree with him. |
| I asked my brother, “Did you throw away the newspaper or keep it?” | I asked my brother whether he had thrown the newspaper or kept it. |
Задание 13.4. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи.
1. I asked the old gentleman, “Are you feeling tired?” 2. The hotel manager asked the visitors, “Did you sleep well?” 3. The teacher asked me, “Do you understand the question or not?” 4. The teacher asked him, “Do you spell “swimming” with “m” or a double “m”?”
Общие и альтернативные вопросы обычно вводятся следующими глаголами и оборотами:
I wonder … Интересно …
I should like to know … Хотелось бы знать …
Could you tell me … Скажите…
Would you mind telling me … Будьте любезны сказать мне …
Изменение времён глагола в косвенной речи
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| Present Simple Write | Past Simple wrote |
| Present Continuous am/is/are writing | Past Continuous was/were writing |
| Present Perfect has/have written | Past Perfect had written |
| Present Perfect Continuous has/have been writing | Past Perfect Continuous had been writing |
| Past Simple Wrote | Past Perfect had written |
| Past Continuous was/were writing | Past Continuous was/were writing или: Past Perfect Continuous had been writing |
| Past Perfect had written | Past Perfect had written |
| Past Perfect Continuous had been writing | Past Perfect Continuous had been writing |
| Future Simple will write | Future-in the-Past would write |
| Future Continuous will be writing | Future Continuous-in the-Past would be writing |
| Future Perfect will have written | Future Perfect-in the-Past would have written |
| Future Perfect Continuous will have been writing | Future Perfect Continuous-in the-Past would have been writing |