Ways of translating participial constructions/complexes

The present and the past participles may sometimes present difficulties for inexperienced translators when these verbals are used as part of the compound verbal predicate or in participial (secondary predication) constructions.

Thus, the compound verbal predicate with the component present participle is usually transformed in Ukrainian into the simple verbal predicate expressed by a perfective verb. For example:

He stopped, and took me up, Він зупинився й підхопив

and the light came tumbling down мене, а світло поповзло по the steps on me too... (Saroyan) східцях і впало також на мене.

When used as part of a compound nominal predicate, the par­ticiple with its linking verb is transformed in Ukrainian into a simple

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perfective verbal predicate or becomes a compound nominal predi­cate:

The trade fair was closed last week. (F.News) Ярмарок закрився минулого тижня.

This predicate in Ukrainian may also be compound nominal (like in English): Ярмарок був закритий /було закрито/минулого тижня. Difficulties may present, however, some secondary predication constructions with the present and past participle which have to be treated/analysed separately.

A. Ways of Translating the Objective with the Participle Constructions/Complexes

Like the objective with the infinitive complexes, the secondary predication constructions with the present or past participle are used with the verbs of physical and mental perception, as well as with the verb to have. The participial construction thus formed has the func­tion of the complex object and may be translated in different ways, the choice of which is predetermined by some factors like in case of the functionally corresponding infinitival complexes. The main of them are as follows:

1) the lexical meaning of the participle;

2) the lexical meaning of the verb (for example, of physical perception) with which the participle is used;

3) the availability of the lexico-syntactic means in Ukrainian to convey the peculiar content and structural peculiarity of these sec­ondary predication constructions.

Taking into account the above-named factors, the objective with the present participle constructions may be faithfully translated into Ukrainian in one of the following ways:

1. With the help of the object subordinate clause introduced
by the conjunction що or by the adverbial connectors як, коли:

...he heard her moving about ... він чув, як вона ходила по

the room. (W.Jacobs) кімнаті.

Не listened to his uncle talk- Він слухав, як дядько вів

ing to him... (Hemingway) розмову/розмовляв з ним.

2. With the help of the adverbial subordinate clauses of time,
purpose, manner, etc., which testifies to the existence of functional

discrepancies in the two languages at the level of syntactic structure, function, and content. For example:

/ had seen him last Septem- Я бачив його минулого року

ber coming across the square у вересні, коли він переходив
towards the bar of the Continen- майдан до бару в ресторані
tal... (Greene) Континенталь...

І took pains not to send them Я докладав зусиль, щоб

(stones) tumbling down the slope, каміння не зірвалося з-під ніг і
(S. О Veil) не покотилося вниз.

3. On rarer occasions a faithful translation of the objective with
the present participle construction may be achieved either with the
help of an object subordinate clause or with the help of a semantically
equivalent substantival word-group:

/ heard someone weeping. Я чув, як хтось плакав/

(G.Green) чийсь плач.

Then I heard Pvle whispering: Потім я почув Пайлів

«Thomas, Thomas.» (Ibid.) шепіт/як Пайл шепнув: «То-

масе, Томасе.»

Не found the prices declining Він помітив зниження цін/

in summer. (Int. Her. Tribune) що ціни знижуються влітку.

4. With the help of the finite form of the verb, i.e., with the help
of the simple verbal predicate:

«I can see vou marrying after «Ти, бачу, як підіп'єш, то ще

a drink too many.» (Greene) станеш женихатися тут.»

Some objective with the present participle construction may be translated with the help of two object subordinate clauses, as in the following sentence:

He didn't care that they saw him crying. (Hemingway)

Йому було байдуже, 1) що вони бачать, 2) як він плаче.

The objective with the past participle constructions having actu­ally almost the same N/I/V_en (noun/pronoun+past participle)structural pattern as the previously analysed complexes are characterized by a stronger predicative motivation and meaning. This is because these complexes are used to express the state of an object/person, the meaning of someone's experience in something, one's witness or that something is made/done for the benefit of someone other. As a result, some ways of translation of the objective with the past participle constructions some­times differ from those employed for the translation of the objective with the present participle or the objective with the infinitive constructions. The main of these ways coincide, however, and are the following:

1. With the help of an object subordinate clause:

/ heard his name mentioned Я чув, шо/як його ім'я

in the crowd. (Saroyan) називали у натовпі.

2. This objective with the participle construction may also be
translated with the help of a noun in the metaphorical paraphrase:

Я чув його ім'я на вустах натовпу. One should not be misled by the compound nominal predicate which is not the N(l,Q)V_en complex but a simple verbal predicate in Ukrainian:

She grew more and more її щодалі більше турбувала

alarmed by the intrusion. (O'Dell) ця висадка/ це вторгнення.

The N(I,Q)V_n complex may also be translated into Ukrainian as a predicative to The noun being the subject of the sentence as in the example below:

Some of the houses had their У деяких будинках вікна

windows broken. (Cheever) були побиті.

3. By transplanting the participial complex to Ukrainian sen­
tences having here identical predicative constructions:

When I returned I found the Прийшовши додому, я

fence broken and the house door застав паркан проломаним, а
opened. (O'Dell) хатні двері відчиненими.

Note.Care should be taken as not to confuse attributive con­structions of the V/I/V._ng pattern with those of the V/I/V_en pattern. The former are translated in two ways:

1) either with the help of a subordinate clause (when the noun
is followed by the present participle):

He looked at his father listen- Він глянув на батька, що

ing with a kind of painful despera- слухав його з якимсь болісним
tion. (Cronin) відчаєм.

2) or with the help of an identical attributive construction (in
which the noun is equally followed by the past participle):

He had seen towns destroyed Він побачив міста,

by bombing. (Cheever) зруйновані бомбардуваннями.

В. Ways of Translating the Subjective with the Participle Constructions

The subjective with the participle (or the nominative with the participle constructions, as they are traditionally called) are trans-

lated into Ukrainian much like the above-treated subjective with the infinitive secondary predication constructions. There is, however, some difference between the action expressed by the NV._n( pattern constructions and the action expressed by the subjective with the participle N/I/V._ng pattern construction. The latter also in Ukrainian expresses an action in process. For example:

He was heard to sing. Чули, що він співав.

Не was heard singing. Чули, як/коли він співав.

English simple sentences with the subjective present participle constructions/complexes are mostly transformed in Ukrainian into a complex sentence introduced by the one-member indefinite-personal principal clause or by the infinitive performing the same syntactic func­tion. The introductory indefinite personal/principal clauses and infini­tives are Кажуть/Як кажуть; Повідомляють; Повідомляється, що; Очікується, що/Очікують, що.

This kind of transformations have to be performed when the present participle in the secondary predication construction is used with the verbs of saying/reporting or with the verbs of physical or men­tal perceptions (to see, to hear, to know, etc.). The principal clause then (the single verb indefinite personal sentence) is followed by an object subordinate clause:

He had been seen ... press- Бачили, ... як він

ing his warm lips to the marble притулявся своїми теплими
brow of an antique statue, вустами до мармурового чола
(О. Wilde) античної статуї.

They were heard talking to- Чули, як вони вдвох

gether. Maitlaud beside him, fan- розмовляли, а Мейтлод, сидячи
ning him with a copy of the Light, поруч, обмахувала його
(Cronin) газетою «Світло».

Deputy Prime Minister Vasyl Повідомляють, що засту-

Rohovyi is reported as saying the пник прем 'єр-міністра В. Рого-I.M.F. will delay its resumption of вий, виступаючи, заявив, що loans under a $2.6 billion loan ВМФ затримає переговори program until March. (Kyiv Post) щодо надання Україні траншу

за програмою в 2,6 мільярда

доларів.

The subjective with the past participle constructions, which are

used in English with the verbs to appear, to seem, to haveetc., do

not require considerable structural transformations in the process of

translation into Ukrainian. Their meaning is usually conveyed by means

of the same simple sentences as in English, with the past participle turned into the predicate verb:

He had his eyes fixed always Він завжди спрямовував

on the future. (London) свій погляд у майбутнє.

This sentence, accordingly, may also be translated word-for-word: Він завжди мав свій погляд спрямованим у майбутнє./Його погляд завжди був спрямований у майбутнє.

Ruth Morse seemed furtherPvm Морз. здавалося, від-

removed than ever. (Ibid.) дійшла від нього далі, ніж будь-

коли.

The last sentence can be translated with the help of a complex sentence as well, with the verb seemed turned into the introductory principal clause: Здавалось, Рут Морз відступила від нього далі, ніж будь-коли.

It should be pointed out in conclusion that there are some con­structions with the past participle in English which may erroneously be taken for the nominative absolute participial complexes, which in reality they are not. These constructions have also a past participle for their syntactic head and may occupy an initial, middle or final position in the sentence:

Taken hostage, the French Взяті заручниками представ-

Red Cross officials fell in the ники французького міжнародно-
hands of a Maskhadov rival group го Червоного Хреста потрапи-
in Chechnya. (The Guardian) ли до рук ворожого Масхадову

військового угрупування.

Participial constructions of the kind are often formed from in­transitive verbs:

Arrived at this point, we halted. Прибувши на ие місце, ми

(S. Leacock) зробили зупинку/ми зупинилися.

The nature and meaning of the kind of participial construction is more transparent, when it follows the noun and occupies a concluding position, as in the following sentence:

He spoke with rare affection Він з особливою любов'ю

of his sister Jean, now married розповідав про свою сестру,
and comfortably settled in Тупе вже одружену, яка щасливо
castle. (Cronin) поживає в Тайнському замку.

Nothing in common with the NAPC have also constructions with the concluding past participle as in He had his haircut, she had her photo taken, which are translated with the help of finite forms of the verb (predicate): Він підстригся, вона сфотографувалась.

Certainly the most confusing for inexperienced translators are participial constructions with the grammaticalized past participles given, taken, grantedetc. which are translated into Ukrainian with the help of diyepryslivnyks, diyepryslivnyk constructions or even via prepositional noun phrases. Cf.:

Taken together, the results of the reaction proved the existence of some touch in the solution. Given the present financial situation in South Korea, no other move from the IMF could be ex­pected. (Fin.News)

Підсумовуючи/У підсумку наслідки реакції підтвердили існування домішок у розчині.

Враховуючи/зважаючи на сучасний фінансовий стан Південної Кореї, інших кроків від МВФ не доводилось очікувати.