Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словосочетаниям
1) международный договор
2) состоять из 4 частей
3) служить предисловием
4) права и обязанности сторон
5) прекращение действия договора
6) оговорка
7) общие черты
8) являться результатом
9) кодифицировать правовые нормы
10) в письменном виде
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1. What is the most common title of an international agreement?
2. What other titles of “treaty” are listed in the text?
3. How many parts does a treaty comprise? What are they?
4. Which part of a treaty sets forth the rights and obligations of the parties?
5. Are there any rules as to what language or what number of languages must be utilized in a treaty?
6. How does the Vienna Convention define a treaty?
Замените русские слова и выражения в скобках соответствующи-ми английскими эквивалентами.
1) “Treaty” is the most common title of (международного договора).
2) Treaties generally comprise the title, the preamble, the main body and (заключительную часть).
3) The main body of the agreement sets forth (права и обязанности сторон).
4) The treaty finally concludes with the date and place of conclusion and (подписями и печатями) of the contracting parties.
5) The rules are the result of long practice among the States, which (приняли) them as binding norms in their mutual relations.
6) These binding norms (считаются) as international customary law.
7) Since there was a desire (кодифицировать) these customary rules, two international conventions were negotiated.
8) The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (вступила в силу) on 27 January 1980.
9) Both Conventions (не делают различия между) the different desig-nations of the instruments used.
10) The rules apply to all the instruments as long as they meet certain (общие требования).
TEXT 2
The Classification of Treaties
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There exist different classifications of treaties. Political treaties include alliances, peace settlements, disarmament agreements, and territorial settlements. Commercial treaties deal with tariffs, fishing rights, navigation,
and the opening of consulates and offices of tourism. Some treaties are constitutional or administrative documents. The United Nations Charter is an example. Such treaties establish and regulate international organizations and specialized agencies. There are treaties that deal with criminal justice, that define international crimes such as terrorism, and that provide for extradition, or the process by which one state surrenders to another an individual for trial. Treaties pertaining to civil law are conventions for the protection of human rights and for the enforcement of trade mark and copyright laws. The codifying of international law also comes within the scope of treaties. These include rules for the conduct of war and the settlement of disputes. A single treaty often embraces several of these elements.
The principle that treaties must be observed — pacta sunt servanda– constitutes the foundation of the law of treaties. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties states this as follows: “Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith”. This means that each treaty that is legitimately in force is legally binding on all signatories. It must be carried out in good faith, i.e. not formally but honestly; each signatory State has the duty to take all measures necessary to carry out the treaty’s provisions in accordance with its aims and principles. The principle of good faith prohibits abuses of treaty rights — that is, their use to the disadvantage of the legitimate rights and interests of other States. Finally, an important substantive element of the principle that “treaties must be observed” is that a State may refuse to implement a treaty or limit its implementation only on the basis of international law. A signatory State does not have the right to refer to its own domestic law to justify the non-execution of treaties.