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London’s Underground.

Bands were playing and the gentlemen in hats were preparing to make speeches about their great achievement. They made the first underground railway in the world – a distance of almost four miles.

It was the year 1863 and on that first historic day 30.000 Londoners used this new and strange way of travel. Now more than a hundred years later the London Underground carries more than a million passengers every day. The total number of passengers carried by the London Underground each year is enormous, and it is constantly growing.

In the early days the train were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal.

It is said that the train staff and porters asked permission to grow beards and moustaches – as an early form of smog mask.

Now the atmosphere “underground” is considered even better than that outside as germs cannot grow in the dry air – and the trains, of course, are electric.

The deep tunneling came leter, in 1890. Tunneling a tube through miles of clay and sometimes sand and gravel is not an easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method which was to make most of London’s tube tunnels possible.

London transport’s experience with tunnels brought them another record. One of the longest continuous railway tunnels in the world is the 17 ½ miles tunnel on the Northern line.

There are numerous escalators which help to keep the traffic moving. The first was installed in 1911. One of them at Leicester Square is over 80 feet in length. On long escalators the speed is changeable. The “up” escalator runs at full speed when carrying passengers, but when empty it runs at half speed. Many of the new escalators have automatic control making more frequent service throughout the day possible. Safety was always one of the main concerns of London transport. In spite of the fact that trains often follow each other within seconds, it is said that the London Underground is the safest form of transport in the world.

Упражнение 1.

Поставьте глагол в правильную форму в страдательном залоге.

1. What / silver / use for?

2. By four o’clock Nick / to be tired / of fishing.

3. The passes through the mountains / often block / with snow during the winter.

4. It was impossible to tell what was in the can, for the label / tear off.

5. My brother / send/ on a business trip. Now he is preparing for the departure.

6 . A tree was lying across the road. It / blow down/ in the storm.

7. – Are you going to the party?

- No, I / not invite.

8. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people / employ/ there.

9. The letter / post/ a week ago and it arrived yesterday.

10. While I was on holiday, my camera / steal/ from my hotel room.

Упражнение 2.

Выберите глагол в предложении, определите его время и залог.

1. We shall refer to these data in the next article.

2. These data will be referred to in the next article.

3. They had finished the experiment by 5 o'clock.

4. The experiment had been finished by 5 o'clock.

5. The new production line is being built at our plant.

Упражнение 3.

Найдите и назовите в первом ряду глаголы, относящиеся к группе Continuous, во втором - к группе Perfect, третьем - к группе Perfect Continuous и в четвертом ряду - к группе Simple.

1. was analysed

2. will analyse

3. are being analysed

4. has been analysed

5. analysed

6. am analysing

7. had analysed

8. were analysing

1. shall heat

2. had heated

3. shall have been heated

4. was being heated