Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова и словосочетания из текста
1. Высший орган законодательной власти в России — Федераль-ное Собрание — состоит из двух палат: верхней и нижней.
2. Верхняя палата именуется Советом Федерации, нижняя — Го-сударственной Думой.
3. Совет Федерации и Государственная Дума проводят заседания раздельно, каждая палата имеет свои полномочия.
4. В России действует принцип разделения властей.
5. Первоначально закон принимается простым большинством в Государственной Думе, затем рассматривается Советом Федерации.
6. В том случае, если между палатами возникают разногласия, па-латы формируют согласительную комиссию.
7. Для преодоления вето в каждой из палат закон должен быть одо-брен не менее чем 2/3 голосов.
8. Законодательная деятельность в Российской Федерации регу-лируется Конституцией Российской Федерации.
9. В течение 14 дней Президент может отклонить закон, то есть наложить на него вето и вернуть обратно в Государственную Думу.
10. Законопроект обсуждается на заседаниях Государственной Думы, в текст законопроектов вносятся поправки, изменения, до-полнения.
Самостоятельная работа. Прочитайте раздел Конституции, по-священный законодательной ветви власти в России, и найдите ответы на вопросы.
1. Who are the members of the Federation Council?
2. Who does the State Duma consist of?
3. What term is the State Duma elected for?
4. Who can be elected a deputy of the State Duma?
5. What does deputy’s immunity mean?
6. What are the duties of the State Duma Chairman?
7. What are the duties of the Speaker of the Federation Council?
8. What are the responsibilities of committees and commissions?
9. What are the State Duma and the Federation Council entitled to do if the President rejects a federal law?
10. In what cases may the State Duma be dissolved by the President?
Повторение грамматики. Cистема времен английских глаголов
в пассивном залоге (The System of Tenses. Passive Voice)
Замените в предложениях глагольные формы в активном залоге на пассивные, как указано в примерах, и переведите их.
Examples:
MODEL 1.First, the State Duma considers all bills.
First, all bills are considered by the State Duma (usually, always). MODEL 2.First, the State Duma considered all bills.
First, all bills were considered by the State Duma (yesterday, two days ago, the day before yesterday).
MODEL 3.First, the State Duma will consider all bills.
First, all bills will be considered by the State Duma (tomorrow, in a week, in a month).
1. A majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma adopts decrees of the State Duma.
2. The Constitution of Russia enumerates special powers of the State Duma.
3. The Federation Council considered a draft law yesterday.
4. The State Duma overrode the veto of the Federation Council two weeks ago.
5. The President will sign the bill tomorrow.
6. If necessary, the two chambers form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the legislation.
7. The State Duma will pass the bill in a few months.
8. The Federation Council rejected the bill yesterday.
9. The State Duma and the Federation Council will vote for the draft law the day after tomorrow.
10. The State Duma has the power to bring charges against the President.
UNIT 2. LAWMAKING PROCEDURE IN THE USA
TEXT
Lawmaking Procedure in the USA
Vocabulary
1. the House of Representatives — Палата представителей
2. the introduction of a bill to the Congress — внесение законопроек-та на рассмотрение Конгресса
3. a constituent — избирательный округ
4. an appropriate committee — соответствующий комитет
5. a subcommittee — подкомитет
6. to move a bill forward — продвигать законопроект
7. consideration — рассмотрение, обсуждение
8. to introduce an amendment — внести поправку
9. to pass both houses of the Congress — пройти обсуждение в обеих палатах Конгресса
10. to sign a bill into law — поставить подпись на законопроекте, сделав его тем самым законом
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is the legislative body in the USA? What does it consist of?
2. What are the steps in the legislative process?
3. What are the sources of bills?
4. Who can introduce the legislation?
5. What options has the President upon receiving a bill?
The Congress of the United States is the highest lawmaking body in the United States and one of the oldest national legislatures in the world. The U.S. Congress consists of two houses — the Senate and the House of Representatives. A member of the Senate is referred to as a senator, and a member of the House of Representatives is called a representative or congressman or congresswoman.
The general process for making a bill into a law is described in the Constitution.
The first step in the legislative process is the introduction of a bill to the Congress. Bills originate from several different sources: from individual
members of the Congress, from a member of a constituent or a group of constituents, from one or more state legislatures, or the President or his administration, but only members of the Congress can introduce legislation.
After being introduced, a bill is referred to the appropriate committee for review. There are 17 Senate committees, with 70 subcommittees, and 23 House committees, with 104 subcommittees. A bill is first considered in a subcommittee, where it may be accepted, amended, or rejected. If the members of the subcommittee agree to move a bill forward, it is reported to the full committee, where the process is repeated again. If the full committee votes to approve the bill, it is reported to the House or the Senate.
When the bill comes up for consideration, the House has a very structured debate process. Each member who wishes to speak has only a few minutes, and the number and kind of amendments are usually limited. In the Senate, debate on most bills is unlimited — senators may speak to issues other than the bill under consideration during their speeches, and any amendment can be introduced. A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President for consideration. Once debate has ended and any amendments to the bill have been approved, the full membership will vote for or against the bill.
The bill is then sent to the President. When receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has several options. If the President agrees with the bill, he or she may sign it into law. If the President disagrees with the bill, he may veto it and send it back to the Congress. The Congress may override the veto with a two-thirds vote of each chamber, at which point the bill becomes law and is printed.
2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя следующие речевые модели.
Model: a) I fully agree with the statement.
b) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.
1. The Senate is the main legislative body of the USA.
2. The Constitution of the USA sets forth the general process for making a bill into law.
3. The first step in the legislative process is voting.
4. In the House of Representatives, debate on most bills is unlimited.
5. All bills must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President.
6. Upon receiving a bill from the Congress, the President has to sign it.
7. The Congress has no right to override the presidential veto.