Consult a dictionary and practice the pronunciation of the following words. Pay attention to the stress
Deceptively, consequences, inalienable, to lose, to be entitled to, hold rights, to deny, to claim, to implement a conception, social justice, to exercise, divine commandment, contingent arrangements, treatise, disputes, morally prior to, the apparent universalism, burden of proof, racial superiority, assertions, acquired virtue, to expand/ to narrow, to provoke controversy, race and gender discrimination, dispossessed groups, association, wealth or property, racial, ethnic, and religious minorities, cynically manipulated, privilege, conjugal.
Answer the following questions.
1. What human rights are inalienable? 2.What is a connection of human rights and social justice? 3. What was a ground for social justice in pre-modern societies? 4. What was the main idea of Locke’s theory? Why was it Utopian one?
5. Why the idea of human rights was associated with middle classes? 6. What were the reasons of political controversies in the European countries in the 19th century? 7. What were demands of working people in their struggle for human rights until World War I? 8. What was the situation in the world in the middle / end of the 20th century?
3. Explain what is meant by:
inalienable natural rights, the mainstream of political theory, right-holder, exercise rights, burden of proof, racial superiority, morally prior to, dispossessed groups, unjust rulers, to enjoy natural rights, claims of privilege, intense controversy, racial and ethnic minorities, subjects of human rights, acquired virtue.
4. Render the text using the following key words:
profound social and political consequences; equal and inalienable rights held by all; inhuman treatment; to eliminate discrimination based on race and gender; claims of human rights; constant pressure on governments; to govern wisely and for the common good; unjust rulers; to enjoy their natural rights; morally prior to and above the claims and interests of the government; recognized as rights-holders; claims of privilege; to advance political claims; to accept the systematic denial; claims of working men for fair wages; for safe and humane working conditions; burden of proof; to extend the right to vote; to provoke intense controversy; to press for full recognition and participation as equal members of society; to choose internationally recognized human rights.
Vocabulary and grammar work
1. Fill in the blanks with the proper words:
From, positive, human, a livelihood, rights, political rights, divisions, government, state, constitutions, recognition, generation, freedoms.
Types of human rights
Human rights are sometimes divided into negative and ____1______ rights, although other categorizations also exist. Negative human ______2____, which follow mainly ______3____the Anglo-American legal tradition, denote actions that a _____4_____ should not take. These are codified in the United States Bill of Rights, the English Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and include _______5____ of speech, religion and assembly. Positive ____6_____ rights follow mainly from the Rousseauian Continental European legal tradition, denote rights that the ____7____ is obliged to protect and provide. Examples of such rights include: the rights to education, to a _____8____, to legal equality. Positive rights have been codified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in many 20th-century _____9____. A categorization offered by Karel Vasak is the three generations of human rights: first-generation - civil and _____10____ (right to life and political participation), second generation - economic, social and cultural rights (right to subsistence) and third ____11____ - solidarity rights (right to peace, right to clean environment). Out of these generations, the third generation is the most debated and lacks both legal and political ____12____. Some theorists discredit these ___13____ by claiming that rights are interconnected. Arguably, for example, basic education is necessary for the right to political participation.