The structure of policing in England and Wales (What is the role of police in the world of crime?)
Structure.There are currently 43 police forces in England and Wales, although there is provision for the amalgimation of forces which could result in a smaller number in the future. Nearly all are accountable to a local police authority which usually consist of 17 members comprised of 3 local magistrates, 9 local councillors and 5 independent persons approved by the Home Secretary. The main exception to this rule is the Metropolian Police Force in London. At present this force is not accountable to a police authority as such, but comes under the direct control of the Home Secretary who is ultimately responsible to Parliament for all policing throughout England and Wales.
Each police force is headed by a Chief Constable.
The initial rank is Constable and after that comes Sergeant, Inspector, Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Assistant Chief Constable and Chief Constable.
Role.The most important powers of the police are as follows: to ensure an adequate safeguard for citizens; to combat rising crime; to battle rising crime; the power to stop, search and question citizens; the power of arrest; the power to enter and search private premises and to seize property discovered on those premises; the power to conduct personal searches; the power arising from detention at a police station, particulary in respect to interrogation and the making of confessions; the power to produce, at a trial, evidence which has been illegally or improperly obtanied. охрана VIP
5. Enforcing Law: Penal System ( What is the aim of penal measures?).
Punishment. The majority of people are still in favour of retribution as the most important objective of penal measures. For example, it is stated that some people advocate a return to the death penalty for homicide. Every now and again pressure groups seek the reintroduction of judicial whipping.
Deterrence.Punishment has always involved the idea of retribution, and it has also contained the notion that those who withness the just and swift punishment of the offender will thereby be dettered from offending in a similar manner. Deterrence has both individual and general implications. Most people would probably think that the punishment offender is not likely to commit the same offence again since he knows the penalty he will have to pay. And also there is the view that the likelihood of being punished will deter other offenders. It is, indeed, a police philosophy that certainty of arrest and punishment would greatly reduce the rates for most kinds of crime. But since there is always the hope of avoiding detection the preventive force of punishment is greatly diminished.
On the other had, too severe a penalty for smaller crimes can drive the desperate criminal into committing the more serious offences and so actually encourage law-breaking instead of preventing it.
So, while exemplary punishment and retribution remain widely acceptable penal principles, other ideas appear in response to humanitarian sensitivity and to the findings of criminological research. This has been particulary noticeable in regard to the treatment of children and younger offenders for whom sympathy has been growing during the present century.(The Children Act of 1908)
9. The Family Law ( Which aspects of Family life are the most controversial: marriage, divorce, child custody, protection of children, adoption of children?).
The law sees the family as a special institution. Family Law considers married and unmarried couples, and their children; custody of and responsibility for children; and protection from violence in the home.Beyond the more function of providing a new generation of children, the family is often promoted for its moral contribution to society.In some societies the family is thought to be so important that there is very little legal intervention in family life. In many Islamic countries, for example, fathers, brothers, and sons are allowed considerable authority over the females in their family. But in many parts of the world, the law now promotes the rights of individuals within the family unit, and regulates family relations through legislation. Much of the work of other courts is also directly relevant to family life.
Ребёнок испытывает сильный стресс. Эти переживания он будет помнить всю жизнь. Ребёнок не понимает с кем он хочет остаться. Ребёнок остаётся с одним из родителей. Он получает не полное воспитание.
Divorce are the most controversial aspect of Family law.The child has strong stress. These experiences it will remember all life. The child does not understand with whom it wishes to remain. The child remains with one of parents. It receives not full education.
6. The UK System of State and Government.
The monarchy is the most ancient secular institution in the UK, with a continuous history stretching back over a thousand years. Queen Elizabeth II, who succeeded to the throne in 1952, is, in addition to being an integral part of the legislature, the heart of the judicial, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Crown and the temporal head of the established Church of England. The monarchy in the UK has evolved over the centuries from absolute personal authority to the present constitutional form by which the Queen reigns but does not rule.
The Monarch must give the Royal Assent before a Bill which has passed all its stages in both Houses of Parliament can become a legal enactment (Act of Parliament). The Monarch’s consent an approval is required before a Cabinet can be formed or minister take up office. As Head of State the Monarch has the power to sign international agreements, to cede or receive territory, and to declare war or make peace. The Monarch confers honours and makes appointments to all important offices of state, including judges, officers in the armed services, diplomats and the leading positions in the Established Church. At the present time the Monarch, although exercising residual authority by consent of Parliament and according to the advice of the government of the day, is regularly informed and consulted on many aspects of public affairs.
Branshes Legislature
Parliament is the legislative organ and is constitutionally comprosed of the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Parliament consist the House of Lords (Lords Temporal and the Lords Spiritual) and the House of Commons. The House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellor who is by virtue of his position chairman of the House. The House of Commons is an elected and representative body; members (at present 650).
Executive.The government consist of the ministers appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Prime minister, who is appointed directly by the Crown and is the leader of the political party which for thr time being has a majority of seats in the House of Commons. The Cabinet is the nucleus of government. The Lord Chancellor and the Law Officers of the Crown deserve special mention at this point.
Judiciary.The UK has no Ministry of Justice. The Lord Chancellor is concerned with the composition of the courts, with civil law reform in general; the Home Secretary is concerned with the prevention of criminal offences, the apprehension, trial and treatment of offenders, and with the person service.