Interpreting and Evaluation

1. Explain the meaning of the story’s title.

2. What is the main idea of the story?

3. What do you think about Mme. Carnet's method of teaching the language?

4. The author of the story wrote : “Experience slips away for there are not words

enough to lay hold of it.” Do you agree that experience is mutually connected with human language?

5. Explain how you understand the following:

a/ “From the point of view of Bernou's and my vocabulary, Central Park was as the Garden of Eden after six months—new and unnamed things everywhere.”

b/ “Then began a career of hypocritical benevolence.”

c/ “…most of my overtures in French brought only English upon me.”

d/ “ Now at the end of a long year of these persistent puerilities …”

6. Is it difficult for young people to study:

- a foreign language?

- two / three foreign languages ?

Reproduction and composition

1. Write a simplified version of the story in words and phrases with which you are familiar.

2. Describe in 100 words your own experience of English language studying .

3. Write a paragraph beginning with the following:

a/ I always want to know two foreign languages;

b/ When I started to study the second foreign language I thought…

4. Do you agree that ‘ a little learning is a dangerous thing’.

Comment on your answer.

TEXT 5

From: TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD

By Harper Lee

This book is a magnificent, powerful novel in which the author paints a true and lively picture of a quiet Southern town in Alabama rocked by a young girl's accusation of criminal assault:

Tom Robinson, a Negro, who was charged with raping a white girl, old Bob Ewell's daughter, could have a court-appointed defense. When Judge Taylor appointed Atticus Finch, an experienced smart lawyer and a very clever man, he was sure that Atticus would do his best. At least Atticus was the only man in those parts who could keep a jury' out so long in a case like that. Atticus was eager to take up this case in spite of the threats of the Ku-Klux-Klan.

He, too, was sure he would not win, because as he explained it to his son afterwards: "In our courts, when it is a white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins. The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a court-room, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into the jury box. As you grow older, you'll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don't you forget it - whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash ...

There is nothing more sickening to me than a low-grade white man who'll take advantage of a Negro's ignorance. Don't fool yourselves - it's all adding up and one of these days we're going to pay the bill for it."

Atticus's son Jem aged thirteen and his daughter Jean Louise, nicknamed Scout, aged seven were present at the trial and it is Jean Louise, who describes it ...

Atticus was half-way through his speech to the jury.

He had evidently pulled some papers from his briefcase that rested beside his chair, because they were on his table. Tom Robinson was toying with them.

“...absence of any corroborative evidence, this man was, indicted on a capital charge and is now on trial for his , life"…

I punched Jem. "How long's he been at it?"

"He's just gone over the evidence," Jem whispered...

We looked down again. Atticus was speaking easily, with the kind of detachment he used when he dictated a letter. He walked slowly up and down in front of the jury, and the jury seemed to be attentive: their heads were up, and they followed Atticus's route with what seemed to be appreciation. I guess it was because Atticus wasn't a thunderer.

Atticus paused, then he did something he didn'tordinarily do. He unhitched his watch and chain and placed them on the table, saying, "With the court's permission –”.

Judge Taylor nodded, and then Atticus did something I never saw him do before or since, in public or in private: he unbuttoned his vest, unbuttoned his collar, loosened his tie, and took off his coat. He never loosened a scrap of his clothing until he undressed at bedtime, and to Jem and me, this was the equivalent of him standing before us stark naked. We exchanged horrified glances.

Atticus put his hands in his pockets, and as he returned to the jury, I saw his gold collar button and the tips of his pen and pencil winking in the light.

"Gentlemen," he said. Jem and I again looked at each other: Atticus might have said "Scout". His voice had lost its aridity, its detachment, and he was talking to the jury as if they were folks on the post office corner.

"Gentlemen," he was saying. "I shall be brief, but I would like to use my remaining time with you to remind you that this case is not a difficult one, it requires no minute sifting of complicated facts, but it does require you, to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. To begin with, this case should never have come to trial. This case is as simple as black and white.

The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence, to the effect that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. It has relied instead upon the testimony of two witnesses whose evidence has not only been called into serious question on cross-examination, but has been flatly contradicted by the defendant. The defendant is not guilty, but somebody in this court-room is.

I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the state, but my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man's life at stake, which she had done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt.

I say guilt, gentlemen, because it was guilt that motivated her. She has committed no crime, she has merely,broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code sosevere that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance, but I cannot pity her: she is white. She knew full well the enormity of her offense, but because her desires were stronger than the code she was breaking, she persisted in breaking it. She persisted, and her subsequent reaction is something that all of us have known at one time or another. She did something every child has done - she tried to put the evidence of her offense away from her. But in this case she was no child hiding stolen contraband: she struck out at her victim-of necessity she must put him away from her - he must be removed from her presence, from this world. She must destroy the evidence of her offense.

What was the evidence of her offense? Tom Robinson, a human being. She must put Tom Robinson away from her. Tom Robinson was her daily reminder of what she did. What did she do? She tempted a Negro.

She was white, and she tempted a Negro. She did something that in our society is unspeakable: she kissed a black man. Not an old Uncle, but a strong young Negro man. No code mattered to her before she broke it, but it came crashing down on her afterwards.

Her father saw it, and the defendant has testified as to his remarks. What did her father do? We don't know, but there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led almost exclusively with his left. We do know in part what Mr Ewell did: he did what any God-fearing, persevering, respectable white man would do under the circumstances - he swore out a warrant, no doubt signing it with his left hand,and Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken the oath with the only good hand he possesses - his right hand.

And so a, quiet, respectable, humble Negro who had the unmitigated temerity ‘to feel sorry’ for a white woman has had to put his word against two white people's. I need not remind you of their appearance and conduct on the stand - you saw them for yourselves. The witness for the state, with the exception of the sheriff of Maycomb County, have presented themselves to you, gentlemen, to this court, in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you gentlemen, would go along withthem on the assumption - the evil assumption - that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, an assumption one associates with minds of their caliber.

Which, gentlemen, we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinson's skin, a lie I do not have to point out to you. You know the truth, and the truth is this: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women - black or white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men. There is not a person in this court-room who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire”.

Atticus paused and took out his handkerchief. Then he took off his glasses and wiped them, and we saw another "first": we had never seen him sweat - he was one of those men whose faces never perspired, but now it was shining tan.

“One more thing, gentlemen, before I quit. Thomas Jefferson once said that all men are created equal, a phrase, that the Yankees and the distaff side of the Executive branch in Washington are fond of hurling at us. There is a tendency in this year of grace, for certain people to use this phrase out of context, to satisfy all conditions. The most ridiculous example I can think of is that the people who run public education; promote the stupid and idle along with the industrious — because all men are created equal, educators will gravely tell you, the children left behind suffer terrible feelings of inferiority. We know all men are not created equal in the sense some people would have us believe —some people are smarter than others, some people have more opportunity because they're born with it, some men make more money than others, some ladies make better cakes than others-some people are born gifted beyond the normal scope of most men.

But there is oneway in this country in which all men are created equal - there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institution, gentlemen, is a court. It can be the Supreme Court of the Unites States or the humblest J.P. court in the land, or this honorable court which you serve. Our courts have their faults, as does any human institution, but in this country our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal.

I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and in the jury system. Gentlemen, a court is no better than each man of you sitting before me on this jury. A court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am confident that you, gentlemen, will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty."

Atticus's voice had dropped, and as he turned away from the jury he said something I did not catch. He said it more to himself than to the court.

I punched Jem.

"What'd he say?"

"In the name of God, believe him, I think that's what he said." ...

What happened after that had a dreamlike quality, in a dream I saw the jury return, moving like underwater swimmers, and Judge Taylor's voice came from far away and was tiny.Isaw something only a lawyer's child could be expected to see, could be expected to watch for, and it was like watching Atticus walk into the street, raise a rifle to his shoulder and pull the trigger, but watching all the time knowing that the gun was empty.

A jury never looks at a defendant it has convicted, and when this jury came in, not one of them looked at Tom Robinson. The foreman handed a piece of paper to Mr Tale who handed it to the clerk who handed it to the judge. ...

I shut my eyes. Judge Taylor was polling the jury: "Guilty ... guilty ... guilty ... guilty ... "

I peeked at Jem: his hands were white from gripping the balcony rail, and his shoulders jerked as if each "guilty" was a separate stab between them.

Judge Taylor was saying something. His gavel was in his fist, but he wasn't using it. Dimly, I saw Atticus pushing papers from the table into his briefcase. He snapped it shut, went to the court reporter and said something, nodded to Mr Gilmer, and then went to Tom Robinson and whispered something to him. Atticus put his hand on Tom's shoulder as he whispered. Atticus took his coat off the back of his chair and pulled it over his shoulder. Then he left the court-room, but not by his usual exit. He must have wanted to go home the short way, because he walked quickly down the middle aisle toward the south exit. I followed the top of his head as he made his way to the door. He did not look up.

Someone was punching me, but I was reluctant to take my eyes from the people below us, and from the image of Atticus's lonely walk down the aisle.

"Miss Jean Louise?"

I looked around. They were standing. All around us and, in the balcony on the opposite wall, the Negroes were getting to their feet. Reverend Sykes's voice was as distant as Judge Taylor's:

"Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father's passing."

NOTES ON THE TEXT

Thomas Jefferson:(1743-1826), third President of the USA (1801-1809), drafted the Declaration of Independence, which was adopted and proclaimed on July 4th, 1776.

distaff side:the female branch in a family as opposed to the male

branch. The Executive branch is the legislative body of the government. Here, the distaff side means the women members of the US government, the more sentimental and moralistic part of the staff, who are fond of hurling the phrase "all men are created equal" in order to be brought to the notice of the public.

ACTIVE WORDS

1. smartadj.-quick in movement, brisk as a smart walk;

a/ clever, quick-witted, skilful, as a smart lawyer( businessman, talker, writer); a smart idea (retort, saying, device, invention, etc.).

b/ clever, often in an impudent way, shrewd, as a smart answer (reply, etc.).

c/ bright in appearance, new looking, as a smart house (car, garden, ship, etc.).

d/ elegant, as a smart dress (hat, shoes), smart clothes (society).

a smart alec(k)- an impudent person who thinks he is clever.

smarten up~ v -to get you act together.

2. exchange n -giving one thing and receiving another in its place.

a/in exchange; to get(give) smth in exchange (for smth);

b/ to exchange -to give one thing and receive another thing for it, as to exchange glances (views, classes, greetings, opinions, prisoners, etc.).

to exchange words (blows) -to quarrel, to fight. Syn. swap / swoop (inf.)

3. guilt n - the fact of having done wrong; a guilt complex.

Syn. Blame, fault.

to find fault with smb (smth) - to find smth wrong with smb.

Syn. to pick on smb responsibility for smth wrong.

through no fault of one's own.

through no fault of mine (her, his, ours, etc.).

Ant. Merits

guilty adj. -having committed a crime, having done wrong. Ant. innocent, guiltless

to be guilty of (doing) smth.; to find smb guilty (innocent).

(to have) a guilty look (smile, conscience, etc.).

to look (feel, sound, etc.) guilty.

to plead (not) guilty - (not) to admit the charge at a law-court.

4. trust n - a/ belief in the goodness, justice, strength of a person or thing

to have (put, repose) trust in smb (smth). Ant. mistrust

b/ a combination ofbusiness or commercial firms.

betray smb'strust; win smb's trust

to trust : a/ to have faith and confidence in.

to trust to chance (to luck); to trust to one's memory.

b/ to give into the care of

Syn. to entrust: to entrust smb with smth(fml).to give as a task or duty;

c/ to allow a person without misgivings or feeling of doubt to do smth;

To trust smb to do smth.

trustful adj.full of trust; not suspicious.

Syn. Trusting

trustingly advin a trustful manner.

trustworthy adj -worthy of trust; reliable.

5. effect n - a/ immediate result, that which is produced by a cause;