Unit 1 postgraduate research training
CONTENTS
| Предисловие | ||
| UNIT 1 | Postgraduate Research Training | |
| UNIT 2 | Scientific Research | |
| UNIT 3 | Academic Writing | |
| UNIT 4 | Reading and Discussing Professional Literature | |
| Appendix I | Research Reports | |
| Appendix II | Research Manuscripts | |
| Appendix III | Book Reviews | |
| Appendix IV | Summaries | |
| Заключение | ||
| Bibliography |
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
В соответствии с государственным образовательным стандартом основной целью изучения иностранного языка аспирантами (соискателями) является достижение уровня практического владения иностранным языком, позволяющим использовать его в научно-исследовательской работе и интегрироваться в международную научную среду. Именно поэтому основной задачей данного учебного пособия является совершенствование и дальнейшее развитие полученных на уровне специалиста (магистранта) знаний, умений и навыков по английскому языку в различных видах речевой коммуникации, а именно: чтении, письме и говорении.
Курс рассчитан на лиц, владеющих английским языком в объёме, предусмотренном программой вуза и состоит из четырёх разделов (Units), каждый из которых тематически организован и ориентирован на практику англоязычного академического общения.
Урок 1 “Postgraduate Research” содержит аутентичные материалы по специальности и разработанные на их основе комплексы заданий, нацеленные на взаимосвязное формирование умений иноязычного чтения и говорения в контексте научно-познавательной деятельности. Тематическое содержания урока 2 “Scientific Research” – это научные интересы аспиранта (соискателя), тема диссертационного исследования, методология научного исследования, отраслевая терминология. Урок 3 “Academic Writing” максимально апеллирует к аналитическому мышлению молодых научных работников, задания направлены на раскрытие смысла текста, резюмирование его, выделение основной и второстепенной информации, т.е. на развитие навыков чтения с разной целевой установкой. Урок 4 “Reading and Discussing Professional Literature” развивает навыки научного письма, а именно обучает методике составления рефератов, аннотаций и резюме.
Четыре приложения содержат информацию по составлению научных отчётов, докладов и статей, а также примеры аннотаций, обзоров и резюме, взятых из научных англоязычных журналов.
Таким образом, пособие направлено не только на подготовку к сдаче кандидатского экзамена, но и на развитие языковых и речевых навыков, которые в дальнейшем могут быть использованы в профессиональной деятельности.
UNIT 1 POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH TRAINING
1.1. Study the information below.
Chancellor– the official head of various universities in Britain, usually appointed as an honour;
vice-chancellor – the real head of a university;
rector – the head of certain colleges;
president– the head of some universities or colleges;
dean – a senior official at a university;
senior – a high rank or position;
professor – a senior teacher in a British university;
reader – a teacher in a university in the UK with a position just below that of a professor;
associate professor – a senior lecturer holding the rank below professor, may be translated as «доцент»;
lecturer – a teacher at a university;
fellow– a member of a professional society or educational institution;
research assistant / research associate / research fellow / postdoctoral – relating to, or designating studies, research, or professional work above level of a doctorate, may be translated as «исследователь»;
officer– someone with a position of authority;
scientific research officer – corresponds to Russian «научный сотрудник»;
degree – the qualification you get after completing the course of university;
Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. / B.S.) – a first degree in a subject (such as physics or biology);
Bachelor of Arts– a first degree in humanities;
Master of Science (M.S. / MSc) – an advanced degree in subjects of natural sciences (such as physics or biology);
Master of Arts (M.A. / MA) – an advanced degree in a subject (such as languages or history);
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. / PhD) = doctoral degree / doctor’s degree; a doctorate awarded for original research in any subject except law, medicine, or theology;
doctorate – the highest academicdegree in any field of knowledge(doctor’s degree);
a candidate’s degree in Russia sometimes corresponds to PhD in Great Britain;
a doctoral candidate corresponds to Russian «соискатель»;
a postgraduate student = a doctoral student – a student studying for a doctorate, may be translated as «аспирант»;
research student = postgraduate student;
thesis– a long piece of writing for higher university degree;
Doctor of Medicine (M.D. / MD) – a high level degree in medicine;
Juris Doctor (J.D. / JD) – a high level degree in jurisprudence;
honorary– an honorary university title; (esp of a position, title, etc.) held or given only as an honour, without the normal privileges or duties an honorary degree;
fellowship – an amount of money given to advanced students for doing research;
adviser – a person responsible for advising students on academic matters, career guidance, etc.
1.2. Give your definitions of the following words and phrases:
Bachelor’s degree Master’s degree Master of Fine Arts (MFA)
prorector / vice rector / deputy vice chancellor head of laboratory
assistant dean / sub dean / associate dean academic / teaching staff
a member of the Russian Academy of Science senior research chemist
full members / academicians corresponding members
1.3. Are these statements true (T) or false (F)?
1. When people study one subject in great detail, we say they are doing research (on, into…).
2. Thesis is a very long, original research-based work, perhaps 80-100,000 words, for a higher degree (e.g. PhD).
3. The Russian Doctor of Science degree is the highest research degree in this country.
4. Someone begins as a lecturer, then becomes a senior lecturer, then a reader, and finally a professor.
5. The position of a principal lecturer is higher than the position of a senior lecturer.
6. The position of an assistant is lower than the position of an associate.
7. A doctoral thesis must mark a considerable advance in a definite sphere of knowledge.
8. Any university trains postgraduate students.
9. Doctoral candidates are not supposed to pass their examination in a foreign language.
10. Any research paper must be not only of great theoretical but practical significance as well.
1.4. Read the sentences below and explain the words in bold, then add them to your working vocabulary.
1. She did her doctoral thesis in Cambridge.
2. He was awarded a doctorate in mathematics.
3. She is doing / taking a degree at London University.
4. She has got an Mscin Environmental Management.
5. There is clearly a need for further research on this topic.
6. His first post was an Associate Professor , which roughly corresponds to lecturer here.
7. She did a Master’s in Biology.
8. The head of department at university is usually called a professor.
9. University academics are expected to read academic journals.
10. After graduation from Manchester University I received an advanced / higher degree in Software Technology.
1.5. Match the words in A with the words having the same meaning in B.
A B
| 1. to revise 2. a first draft 3. thesis 4. research 5. to obtain 6. to prove a thesis 7. importance 8. scientific adviser 9. to collaborate 10. journal 11. data 12. to collect 13. to be engaged in 14. to participate | a) to study intensively for a short time b) to work together c) to defend a dissertation d) dissertation e) significance f) first, rough version g) investigation h) to get i) supervisor j) to be busy with k) information l) to gather m) scientific magazine n) to take part in |
1.6. Read the text below and answer the questions after it.
My name is Pashneva Maria Vladimirovna. I graduated from Tyumen State University in 2007. According to my qualification I’m a specialist in Geography and Environmental Science. University studies enlarged my knowledge, experience and competence in the field of Ecology, Environmental Chemistry, Soils and Hydrology, Regional Geography.
Last year by the decision of the Scientific Council I took postgraduate courses. I passed three entrance examinations in Philosophy, English and Geography as a special subject. Now I am a second-year postgraduate student of Tyumen University. I am attached to the department of Physical Geography and Ecology.
In the course of my postgraduate studies I am to take candidate examinations in Philosophy, English and the special subject. That is why I attend courses of English and Philosophy. I am sure the knowledge of English will help me in my research. I’m doing research in the field of ecology. My dissertation (thesis) deals with Water Ecotones as a Key Component of the Integrated Strategy of Conservation and Management of Freshwater Ecosystems. I was interested in this problem when I was a student and collected some data in the north of our region. I suppose that my research is both of theoretical and practical importance and it will enable companies of any size to manage the impact of activities on the environment.
I work in close contact with my research adviser (supervisor), professor P. He is the head of the department. I always consult with him when I encounter difficulties. I take part in various conferences where I make reports on my subject. I have a number of scientific articles published.
I am planning to finish writing my thesis by the end of the next year and prove it in the Scientific Council of Perm State University. I hope to be awarded a PhD in Environmental Management.
● 1. Who are you?
2. What are you?
3. What Institute / University did you graduate from? When and where?
4. What do you specialize in?
5. What did you do after you received your Master degree / diploma?
6. Where do you work?
7. What field of knowledge are you doing research in?
8. Do your colleagues assist you in your research?
9. Do you work in close contact with your research adviser?
10. Do you always discuss the obtained data with him / her?
11. Does your supervisor help you with your work? How?
12. Do you work hard at your thesis?
13. How long have you been working at your thesis?
14. Have you completed any part of your work?
15. Is your research experimental or theoretical?
16. What is the theme of your dissertation?
17. What candidate examinations have you already passed?
18. Have you any scientific publications?
19. When and where did you publish your articles?
20. You have published two research papers in journals, haven’t you?
21. Did you take part in scientific conferences?
22. When and where are you going to get PhD degree?
1.7. Translate the sentences from English into Russian paying special attention to the words in italics.
1. The Louis Pasteur University, also known as ULP, forms part of the University of Strasburg.
2. It fulfils the dual purposes of teaching students and fostering research in science and technology.
3. There are about 50 research students, working for higher degrees and participating in the research work of the Institute.
4. ULP is distinctive for its scientific contributions which place it among the top-ranking European universities.
5. Currently, the Louis Pasteur University proposes a wide variety of courses in the field of health and exact sciences, humanities and natural sciences.
6. The role of a Thesis Advisory Committee is to discuss the project to provide advice for scientific and career issues.
7. The students are encouraged to attend seminars given by researchers from around the world.
8. Furthermore, the students are encouraged to attend international work-shops or other scientific meetings.
9. Students conduct their research in one of the 120 laboratories of ULP.
10. Students receive a stipend to cover their living expenses.
1.8. Choose the appropriate preposition from the box.
| for(3)/ through(1)/ in(4)/ within(1)/ with(3)/ of(1)/ by(1)/ to(1) |
1. The Louis Pasteur University was established ….. 1567, and is located ….. Strasburg.
2. The university offers Doctoral programmes ….. 7 divisions.
3. ULP participates ….. European Union exchange programmes and has a special relationship ….. neighbouring Germany.
4. The president ….. the university and vice-president are elected ….. an the assembly of councils.
5. ULP intends to strengthen its international relations ….. North America, China and Russia.
6. ULP runs a number of scientific museums ….. more than 80,000 visitors each year.
7. The 10 scientific departments receive students applying ….. PhD fellowship.
8. The Doctoral programme is to prepare students ….. career in disease-based research science.
9. The students are responsible ….. attending a specified ….. fundamental biological concepts.
10. The students ….. the Educational programme are provided ….. top-level scientific knowledge (both theoretical and practical).
1.9. You are going to read some short texts about research opportunities in different universities of Great Britain. Choose the correct university to answer the questions. Some universities may be chosen more than once. There is an example at the beginning (1).
Which university:
1) has Master awards? All the universities
2) has Environmental Departments?
3) provides research facilities?
4) trains to lead to the award of PhD?
5) offers Honours degree?
6) undertakes individual research projects?
7) was founded in the 16th century?
8) offers split programmes?
9) recruits overseas students?
10) is located in the Midlands?
11) aims at training Agricultural Science?
12) doesn’t cover Agricultural Science?
13) hosts different research centres?
14) has the Department of Microelectronics?
15) has the Department of Engineering?
16) has research programmes in Biochemistry?
17) doesn’t offer PhD degree?
18) allows students a choice of degrees?
A) UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON
At the University of Wolverhampton thehigher education is a lifelong pursuit which begins, rather than ends, with graduation. The postgraduate and professional development programmes are designed to help students to improve their performance at work, develop professional expertise or prepare for a complete change in direction.
The School of Applied Sciences offers a range of modular Master’s courses from which the student can select a programme of modules which provide either further advanced training in a specialist area or a conversion course to facilitate progression towards new career opportunities. International programmes can also be designed by linking with one of the School’s many European partners.
The School also maintains a range of active research programmes from the areas of Applied Biology, Biochemistry/Chemistry and Environmental Sciences for postgraduate research training leading to the awards of MPhil or PhD.
B) UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
The University of Southampton is a traditional, research-led university based in a south coast city and major seaport. It is broadly based in arts and sciences but is particularly noted for engineering and is famous for electronics. The University hosts national research facilities such as the Oceanographic Centre and the Microelectronics fabrication Facility.
Research opportunities
Opportunities to study for PhD and MPhil degrees are available in all of the research groups of the Department:
● Communications ● Concurrent Computation
● Design Automation ● Image, Speech and Intelligent Systems
● Infra-Red Technology ● Instrumentation and Sensors
● Microelectronics ● Multimedia
● Optical Fibres ● Declarative Systems and Software Engineering
C) UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
The Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science offers postgraduate courses with opportunities for overseas work:
● Environmental and Resource Assessment: An interdisciplinary course aimed at employment in the environmental assessment industry, offering hands-on experience and subject specialisation.
● Tropical Soils and Sustainable Land Management: A targeted training in tropical soil science for ecologically sound agricultural/ environmental management and rural development.
● Tropical Agricultural and Environmental Science: A scientific training based on ecological principles for those involved in the environmental impact of agriculture / forestry in the tropics.
● Pest Management: Theory and application of chemical and biological methods of integrated pest management with minimal environmental impact.
● Irrigation: A multidisciplinary training in irrigation, tropical soils and farming systems.
Research leading to the degree of MPhil (two years) or PhD (three years) as full-time, part-time or split programmes, is offered in any area related to the Department’s expertise and interests.
D) UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK.
The Department of Engineering is open to graduates in a science or engineering subject. The entry requirement for the MRes (Master of the Rolls - начальник судебных архивов) course is a first-or upper second-class Honours degree (or equivalent overseas qualification). The EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) is sponsoring ten places on the MRes course.
Our one-year taught MSc offers a choice of four degrees:
● Advanced Mechanical Engineering (eg. Design, Computational Techniques and Fluid Dynamics)
● Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology (eg. Advanced Materials, Nanofabrication, Machine Dynamics)
● Electronic Instrumentation (eg. Sensors, Analogue & Digital Devices, Embedded & Dependable Systems)
● Advanced Engineering
Allowing students an excellent choice of degrees and modules to suit their specialist interests. An individual research project is also undertaken – this can be industrially linked.
E) UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN
Trinity College, University of Dublin, was founded in 1592. It is situated in the centre of Dublin, Ireland’s capital city, and covers 42 acres of historically and architecturally important buildings with open green spaces. It has its own sporting facilities and is within walking distance of the many cultural and recreational facilities of the city immortalised by James Joyce. The student body of 11,000 is drawn from Ireland (north and south), the European Union, eastern Europe, the Americas, Australasia, the Middle East and Asia. Approximately 20% of students are postgraduates undertaking research degrees, or Master’s degrees and diplomas through taught programmes. All major academic disciplines are covered with the exception of Agricultural and Veterinary Science.
1.10 Read the text Postgraduate Education In Great Britain and say which part of it informs us about:
● The available qualification;
● A multinational focus;
● Fees and costs;
● International English language tests;
● Welcoming overseas students;
● Choosing a supervisor.