Свойства существительного, присущие герундию
Герундий, как и существительное, может выполнять в предложении функции подлежащего, части сказуемого, прямого и предложного дополнения, определения, обстоятельства.
Упр. 4. Изучите таблицу:
| Функ- ция | Особенности | Примеры | |
| подле-жащее | занимает первое место в предложении | Reading means gaining knowledge. | Читать – значит, приобретать знания. |
| допол-нение | третье место в предложении | 1. Do you like dancing? 2. He insisted on adoptingthe new plan. | 1. Вы любите танцевать? 2. Он настаивал на принятии нового плана. |
| часть сказуемого | после to be; to stop прекращать; to finish заканчивать; to continue, to keep on, to go on продолжать; to begin, to start начинать | 1. My favourite occupation is walking in the forest. 2. He began writing his books in 1990. 3. The young man stopped reading the notices. | 1. Мое любимое занятие – прогулки в лесу. 2. Он начал писать книги в 1990 году. 3. Молодой человек перестал читать объявления. |
| определение | всегда с предлогом после абстрактных существительных, как: opportunity (of) возможность; way (of) способ; experience (in) опыт; interest (in) интерес к; reason (for) причина, основание; chance (of) возможность | 1. I see no other way of doing it. 2. Do you realize the importance of learning foreign languages? 3. It is difficult to improve your English if you haven’t much chance of speaking it. 4. She takes much interest in reading French books. | 1. Я не вижу другого способа сделать это. 2. Осознаете ли вы важность изучения иностранных языков? 3. Трудно усовер-шенствовать свой английский, если у вас мало возможностей говорить на нем. 4. Она проявляет живой интерес к чтению француз-ских книг. |
| обстоятельство времени, образа действия или сопутствующего действия | всегда с предлогом: after, on после того, как; before до того, как; by существительным в творительном падеже или деепричастием; unstead of вместо того, чтобы; besides кроме | 1. After training for a long time, … 2. On seeing his father, the boy ran up to him. 3.We learn a lot by reading. 4. You can’t leave without saying good-bye to them. 5. Besides taking part in amateur performances, he … | 1. После длительной тренировки... 2. Увидев отца, мальчик подбежал к нему. 3. Читая, мы многое познаем. 4. Вы не можете уехать, не попрощавшись с ними. 5. Помимо того, что он принимает участие в концертах самодеятельности, он… |
Упр. 5. Переведите на русский язык, определив формы и функции герундия:
1. Learning rules without examples is useless. 2. She suspected (подозревать) him of deceiving (обманывать) her. 3. She denied (отрицать) having been at home that evening. 4. After graduating from the university she left Vitebsk and went to teach in her home town. 5. Seeing a good film is a pleasure. 6. He went home without seeing the film. 7. He talked without stopping. 8. Miss Brown was in the habit of asking Mr. Dick his opinion (мнение). 9. He solved the problem of inventing such a device (прибор). 10. He solved the problem, by inventing a new device. 11. Ring us up before leaving home. 12. Instead of reading up for his exam, he is watching TV.
Упр. 6. Переведите на русский язык:
1. Examining the shape of childhood allows us to understand it better. 2. The book Child Development is about the rhythm and meaning of children’s lives, about turning mystery (тайна) into understanding. 3. A Black American child born in such a large city as Boston has less chance of surviving during the first year of life than a child born in Panama [‘pænəmə], North or South Korea [kÉ’ri:ə], or Uruguay [‘ju:ərəgwai]. 4. Some school children are impulsive in solving problems, others are more reflective. 5. Much learning that takes place in classrooms requires reflection rather than impulsivity. 6. Researchers have trained impulsive children to become more reflective by improving their scanning (to scan – бегло просматривать) strategies, by teaching them to take more time and by instructing them to talk to themselves to control their behavior. 7. Understanding is a two way street. 8. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 9. We read about educating children with special needs – handicapped children and learning disabilities.
LESSON 5
Cложные герундиальные обороты
Подобно существительному, герундий может определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном (иногда в общем) падеже. Это сочетание называется сложный герундиальный оборот.
При переводе на русский язык это существительное или местоимение становится подлежащим придаточного предложения, а герундий – сказуемым. Такой оборот часто вводится словами то, что; о том, что.
Сравните:
| I don’t mind opening the window. I don’t mind his opening the window. | Я не против того, чтобы открыть окно. Я не против того, чтобы он открыл окно. |
| She insisted on being allowed to go home. She insisted on her son being allowed to go home. | Она настаивала, чтобы ей разрешили поехать домой. Она настаивала, чтобы ее сыну разрешилипоехать домой. |
Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложный герундиальный оборот:
1. I am told of your being very busy. 2. Do you mind my smoking here? 3. My teacher insists (настаивать на) on my reading aloud every day. 4. I am not very friendly with him, so I was surprised by his asking me to dinner. 5. The thieves (воры) broke into the shop without anyone seeing them. 6. He doesn’t mind his daughter going to the cinema once a week. 7. The teacher insists on these articles being translated into Russian. 8. There is no hope of our coming in time.
Упр. 2. Выучите значение следующих глаголов и словосочетаний, после которых употребляется герундий:
Would you mind … - Будьте любезны …;
I don’t mind … - Я не возражаю …;
It is worth … - Стоит (что-либо делать) …;
I cannot help … - Я не могу не …;
to succeed in … -удаваться …;
to fail … - потерпеть неудачу, не суметь сделать что-либо.
Образец:
1. Would you mind passing me the salt?
Будьте любезны, подайте мне соль.
2. I don’t mind your staying with your friend.
Я не возражаю, если ты погостишь у своего друга.
3. His lectures are worth listening to.
Стоит послушать его лекции.
4. I cannot help laughing at his stories.
Я не могу не смеяться над его рассказами.
5. He succeeded in mastering his speciality.
Ему удалось овладеть специальностью.
6. They failed passing the exam.
Они не сдали экзамен.
Упр. 3. Составьте предложения, пользуясь таблицей, и переведите предложения на русский язык:
| I can’t help | inviting him to our party. looking at you. doing morning exercises. going in for sports. making mistakes. listening to the latest news on the radio. |
| She succeeded in | arranging the party. mastering her speciality. getting the new textbook. organizing the discussion. |
| He failed | coming in time. catching the 7 o’clock train. bringing the dictionaries. going on the trip with the group. |
| Do you mind | my smoking? my opening the windows? his answering this question? our going sightseeing? our watching TV now? |
| I don’t mind | your smoking here. taking part in the work. his using my notes. resuming our research work. |
| Would you mind | telling us another story? not interrupting him now? switching on the light? bringing us some hot water? sending this letter at once? ringing me up tomorrow morning? |
Упр. 4. Переведите на русский язык:
1. You look wonderful today. I can’t help looking at you. 2. She can’t help telling him about this letter. 3. I couldn’t help inviting them to our party. 4. Do you mind my switching on the TV? 5. Do you mind our publishing the results of our work? 6. The exhibition (выставка) is worth seeing. 7. The article is worth seeing. 8. This country is worth visiting. 9. She succeeded in organizing the discussion. 10. They succeeded in getting the permission to see their son. 11. They failed keeping their promise. 12. John failed finding any job in London. 13. He didn’t come that evening. He failed catching the last train.
LESSON 6
The Participles Причастия
| Participle I | V + ing: reading, doing |
| Participle II | V3/Ved: translated, done |
В английском языке различают причастие первое (Participle I) и причастие второе (Participle II).
Вы уже встречались с ними, изучая времена английского глагола, где Participle I и Participle II являлись частью сказуемого и входили в состав времен: Participle I – в состав времен группы Continuous, а Participle II – в состав времен группы Perfect и форм пассивного залога.
He is reading now. – Он читает сейчас (Participle I).
They will have finished the work by 5 p.m. – Они закончат работу к 5 вечера; Texts are translated by students. – Тексты переводятся студентами (Participle II).
Кроме того, Participle I и Participle II могут быть в предложении определением и обстоятельством. Тогда Participle I переводится на русский язык действительным причастием (имеет суффиксы –ащ, -ящ, -ущ, -ющ)или деепричастием (словом, отвечающим на вопрос что делая? в зависимости от его функции в предложении): reading – читающий, читая; doing – делающий, делая.
Participle II переводится на русский язык страдательным причастием с помощью суффиксов –анн, -енн: read [red] – прочитанный, читаемый; done – сделанный, делаемый; asked – заданный, задаваемый.
Упр. 1. а) Разделите причастия на 2 группы: I и II:
Speaking, seen, standing, asked, destroyed, written, shut, living, falling, interested, given, singing, repeated, sent, chosen, broken, eaten.
b) Образуйте причастие I и II:
To work, to walk, to give, to send, to arrest, to write, to read, to offer, to form, to go, to bring, to do, to approach, to take, to break, to forget, to grow, to know, to change, to plan.
Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I:
1. Everybody looked at the dancing girl. 2. The little plump woman standing at the window is my grandmother. 3. The man playing the piano is Kate’s uncle. 4. Entering the room, she turned on the light. 5. Coming to the theatre, she saw that the performance had already begun. 6. Looking out of the window, he saw his mother watering the flowers. 7. Hearing the sounds of music we stopped talking. 8. She went into the room, leaving the door open.
Упр. 3. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle II:
1. My sister likes boiled eggs. 2. We stopped before a shut door. 3. Tied to the tree, the goat could not run away. 4. They saw overturned tables and chairs and pieces of broken glass all over the room. 5. This is a church built many years ago. 6. The books written by Dickens give us a realistic picture of the 19th century England. 7. She put a plate of fried fish in front of me. 8. The coat bought last year is too small for me now. 9. Nobody saw the things kept in that box.
Упр. 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II:
1. a) A fish taken out of the water cannot live.
b) A person taking a sun-bath must be very careful.
c) Taking a dictionary, he began to translate the text.
2. a) A line seen through this crystal looks double.
b) A teacher seeing a mistake in a student’s dictation always corrects it.
c) Seeing clouds of smoke over the house, the girl cried: “Fire! Fire!”
3. a) The word said by the student was not correct.
b) The man standing at the door of the train carriage and saying goodbye to his friends is a well-known musician.
c) Standing at the window, she was waving her hand.
4. a) A letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.
b) He saw some people in the post-office sending telegrams.
c) When sending the telegram she forgot to write her name.
5. a) Some of the questions put to the lecturer yesterday were very important.
b) The girl putting the book on the shelf is the new librarian.
с) While putting the eggs into the basket she broke one of them.
6. а) A word spoken in time may have very important results.
b) The students speaking good English must help their classmates.
c) The speaking doll interested the child very much.
d) While speaking to Nick some days ago I forgot to ask him about his sister.
Упр. 5. Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия:
1. a) The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best pupil.
b) Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.
2. a) The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful.
b) The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.
3. a) Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table?
b) The exercises (doing, done) by the pupils were easy.
4. a) The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.
b) The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean.
5. a) We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.
b) We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) by the girls.
6. Do you know the girl (playing, played) in the garden?
7. The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting.
8. Translate the words (writing, written) on the blackboard.
9. We could not see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds.
10. The (losing, lost) book was found at last.
11. (Going, gone) along the street, I met Mary and Ann.
12. Read the (translating, translated) sentences once more.
13. Name sone places (visiting, visited) by you last year.
14. I picked up the pencils (lying, lain) on the floor.
15. She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.
16. Yesterday we were at a conference (organizing, organized) by the pupils of the 10th form.
17. (Taking, taken) the girl by the hand, she led her across the street.
18. It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp.
19. I shall show you a picture (painting, painted) by Hogarth.
20. Here is the letter (receiving, received) by me yesterday.
21. Look at the beautiful flowers (gathering, gathered) by the children.
22. His hat (blowing, blown) off by the wind was lying in the middle of the street.
23. “How do you like the film?” he asked, (turning, turned) towards me.
24. When we came nearer, we saw two boys (coming, come) towards us.
25. I think that the boy (standing, stood) there is his brother.