The work having been done, they went home.

1. When the house had been built, we got a new flat. 2. As the key had been lost, she couldn’t get into the room. 3. As the road had been repaired, we could go there by bus. 4. When the waiting-room had been cleaned, the passengers were let in. 5. As all the tickets had been sold out, we couldn’t see the performance.

Вправа4. Перекладіть англійською мовою, звертаючи увагу на вживання незалежного дієприкметникового комплексу.

1. Оскільки вітер дув з півночі, було дуже холодно. 2. Оскільки вчитель був хворий, у нас вчора не було уроку фізики. 3. Коли лист був написаний, я відніс його на пошту. 4. Коли батько прийшов, усі сіли за стіл обідати. 5. Оскільки було вже пізно, всі крамниці були зачинені. 6. Оскільки телефон був несправний, я не міг зателефонувати вам. 7. Коли мій брат закінчив школу, наша сім’я переїхала до Луцька. 8. Коли уроки закінчились, учні пішли додому.

Lesson 19

ГЕРУНДІЙ

Герундій — це неособова форма дієслова із закінченням -ing,що має властивості дієслова й іменника.

Як і інфінітив, герундій називає дію: readingчитання, listeningслухання.

В українській мові немає форми, яка відповідала б герундію. Слова читання, слухання — іменники, що утворились від дієслів, але не мають граматичних ознак дієслова.

19.1 Дієслівні властивості герундія

Герундій має такі дієслівні властивості:

а) герундій перехідних дієслів вживається з прямим додатком:

І like reading books.	Я люблю читати книжки.
She began preparing food.	Вона почала готувати їжу.

б) герундій може мати означення, виражене прислівником:

They continued listeningattentively.

Вони продовжували уважно слухати.

в) герундій має неозначену й перфектну форми, вживається в активному і пасивному стані. За формою герундій збігається з відповідними формами Present Participle.

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

Перфекта форма герундія (Perfect Gerund) виражає дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком речення.

Thank you for having helpedme.

Дякую, що допомогли мені.

Неозначена форма герундія (Indefinite Gerund) вживається:

а) для вираження дії, одночасної з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком речення.

He sat without turning his head.	Він сидів, не обертаючись.
She is interested in collecting stamps.	Вона цікавиться колекціонуванням марок.

б) для вираження дії безвідносно до якогось певного часу:

Seeingis believing.	Бачити — значить вірити.
Addition is the process of finding the sum of two or more than two numbers.	Додавання — це процес знаходження суми двох або більш ніж двох чисел.

в) після дієслів to intendмати намір, to suggestпропонувати, to insistнаполягати та деяких інших Indefinite Gerund виражає майбутню дію по відношенню до дії, вираженої дієсловом-присудком.

Не had intended writing him.	Він мав намір написати йому.
Не insisted on telling her how it happened.	Він наполягав на тому, щоб розказати їй, як це сталося.

г) для вираження дії, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком, зокрема після дієслів to thankдякувати; to forgetзабувати; to rememberпам'ятати, пригадувати; to excuse пробачати; to apologizeпросити пробачення та ін., а також після прийменників onі after.

Thank you for helpingme.	Дякую, що допомогли мені.
І don't remember seeing either of them.	Я не пам'ятаю, щоб я бачив кого-небудь з них.
On receiving the telegram we went to the station to meet our friends.	Одержавши телеграму, ми поїхали на вокзал зустрічати друзів.

Герундій вживається в активному стані, якщо іменник або займенник, до якого він відноситься, позначає суб'єкт дії, вираженої герундієм:

Marycould not helplaughing.

Мері не могла втриматися від сміху.

Герундій вживається в пасивному стані, якщо іменник або займенник, до якого він відноситься, позначає об'єкт вираженої ним дії.

But hehas no right to come without being invited.

Але він не має права прийти, якщо його не запросили.

Дія, виражена герундієм, завжди відноситься до якоїсь особи чи предмета, навіть якщо вони не названі у реченні.

19.2 Іменникові властивості герундія

Герундій у реченні виконує такі властиві іменнику синтаксичні функції:

а) підмета:

Smokingis harmful.

Палити — шкідливо.

б) предикатива:

His hobby is collecting stamps.

Його улюблене заняття — колекціонувати поштові марки.

в) додатка (прямого і прийменникового):

Не likes talkingto me.	Він любить розмовляти зі мною.
She is fond of painting.	Вона любить малювати.

Крім того, герундій має ще такі іменникові властивості:

а) перед герундієм може вживатися прийменник, що відноситься до нього:

Nobody thought of going to bed.

Ніхто й не думав лягати спати.

б) перед герундієм, як і перед іменником, може вживатися присвійний займенник або іменник у присвійному відмінку:

Don't fear my forgetting her.	He бійтесь, що я забуду її.
Would you mind my openingthe window?	Ви не заперечуєте, якщо я відчиню вікно?
І insist on my sister's stayingat home.	Я наполягаю на тому, щоб моя сестра залишилася вдома.

19.3 Вживання герундія

Герундій — єдина дієслівна форма, перед якою може вживатися прийменник. Тому герундій вживається після дієслів, прикметників і виразів, які вимагають додатка з прийменником:

Thank you for telling me.	Дякую, що ви сказали мені.
She could not keep from crying.	Вона не могла стриматися, щоб не заплакати.
І am fond of reading.	Я люблю читати.

Після деяких дієслів герундій вживається без прийменника. Серед них є такі, після яких може вживатися тільки герундій, на відміну від інших, які можуть вживатися і з герундієм, і з інфінітивом. Після таких дієслів вживається тільки герундій:

а) to avoid уникати;to finish закінчувати; to suggest пропонувати; to leave off, to give upпереставати щось робити; to go on, to keep on продовжувати;cannot help не можу не (робити чогось). В українській мові після відповідних дієслів вживається інфінітив:

We finished dressing.	Ми закінчили одягатися.
They went on eating.	Вони продовжували їсти.
І cannot help asking.	Я не можу не запитати.
Магу left off ironing.	Мері перестала прасувати.

б) to enjoy діставати задоволення, насолоду; to excuse, to forgive вибачати; to put off, to postpone відкладати; to delay затримувати; відкладати; to fancy уявляти (в окличних реченнях); to mind заперечувати (вживається в питальних і заперечних реченнях). В українській мові після відповідних дієслів вживається іменник або підрядне речення:

І don't mind telling you.	Я не проти того, щоб розповісти вам.
Fancy going for a walk in such weather!	Уявіть собі прогулянку в таку погоду!

в) to want, to need, to require потребувати. Після цих дієслів герундій вживається в активному стані з пасивним значенням. В українській мові після цих дієслів вживається іменник або інфінітив у сполученні з словами треба, потрібно:

The house wants repairing.

Будинок потребує ремонту(треба відремонтувати).

Герундій або інфінітив вживається після дієслів to begin, to start починати; to continue продовжувати; to propose запропонувати; to like любити; to try намагатися;to refuse відмовлятися (щось зробити); to intend мати намір; to forget забувати; to prefer віддавати перевагу:

The children began playing.	Діти почали гратися.
Then they began to whisper.	Тоді вони почали говорити пошепки.
She continued sitting motionless.	Вона продовжувала сидіти нерухомо.
He continued to live with his parents.	Він продовжував жити із своїми батьками.

У деяких випадках значення дієслова змінюється залежно від того, чи вжито воно з інфінітивом чи герундієм. Так, дієслово to stopу сполученні з герундієм означає перестати щось робити, а в сполученні з інфінітивом — зупинитися, щоб щось зробити:

They stoppedreading the notice.	Вони перестали читати об'яву.
Не stopped to readthe notice.	Він зупинився, щоб прочитати об'яву.

Герундій вживається як безприйменниковий додаток до прикметників likeсхожий, busyзайнятий, worthвартий:

She was busy translating the article.	Вона була зайнята перекладом статті.
They were not worthlookingat.	На них не варто було дивитися.
І don't feel like working.	У мене нема настрою працювати.

Герундій вживається у функції означення (найчастіше з прийменником of), що стоїть після означуваного іменника:

She had come with the intention of sayingsomething definite.	Вона прийшла з наміром сказати своє рішення.
You have always been inthe habit of giving her playthings.	Ви завжди мали звичку давати їй іграшки.

Герундій без прийменника вживається в ролі означення, що стоїть перед означуваним іменником і виражає призначення предмета, позначеного цим іменником:

writing-paper папір для письма

dancing place місце для танців

У такій же позиції в ролі означення вживається і Present Participle. Але на відміну від герундія, дієприкметник теперішнього часу виражає не призначення предмета, а дію, яку виконує особа або предмет, виражені означуваним іменником:

a dancing girl –– дівчина, що танцює

Герундій з прийменником вживається в функції обставин (часу, способу дії та ін.):

They ate without talking.	Вони їли, не розмовляючи.
Upon reaching the park he waited and waited and Carrie did not come.	Прийшовши до парку, він чекав і чекав, а Керрі не приходила.

У ролі обставин з таким самим значенням вживається і дієприкметник теперішнього часу. Але на відміну від герундія, якому в цій функції завжди передує прийменник, дієприкметник теперішнього часу ніколи не вживається з прийменником. Тому в реченні On coming home he began to work слово coming–– герундій, а в реченні Coming home he began to work Comingє дієприкметником, хоч обидва речення на українську мову перекладаються однаково — Прийшовши додому, він почав працювати.

19.4 Герундій і віддієслівний іменник

Віддієслівний іменник (the verbal noun) — це іменник, утворений від дієслова за допомогою закінчення -ing. На відміну від герундія віддієслівний іменник не має дієслівних властивостей, а лише властивості іменника:

а) віддієслівний іменник може вживатися з артиклем і вказівними займенниками, має форму множини: the sittingsofthe commissionзасідання комісії;

б) віддієслівний іменник, утворений від перехідних дієслів, не вживається з прямим додатком; він приймає додаток з прийменником: the raising of living standardпідвищення життєвого рівня;

в) віддієслівний іменник означається прикметником (а не прислівником, як герундій та інші дієслівні форми):

І like rapidreading.

Я люблю швидке читання.

19.5 Переклад герундія українською мовою

На українську мову герундій перекладається:

а) неозначеною формою дієслова (інфінітивом):

I thought of coming to see you.

Я думала провідати вас.

б) іменником:

He has a lot of medals for saving people’s lives.	У нього є багато медалей за врятування життя людей.
He liked riding, rowing and fencing.	Він любив верхову їзду, веслування і фехтування.

в) дієприслівником:

And they continued their work without looking up.	І вони продовжували працювати, не розгинаючись.
She changed the room by paining the walls green.	Вона оновила кімнату, пофарбувавши стіни в зелений колір.

г) предикативною формою дієслова (присудком) підрядного речення:

She was trying to approach without his seeing her.	Вона намагалася наблизитися так, щоб він не помітив її.
Excuse my leaving you.	Пробачте, що я залишиввас.

19.6 Комплекси з герундієм

Complexes with the gerund

Герундій у реченні може відноситись до підмета або додатка. Так у реченні He stopped working and smiled Він припинив роботу і усміхнувся дія, виражена герундієм (working), відноситься до підмета (він працював, а потім припинив роботу).

У реченні I don’t forgive you for being late for dinner Я не пробачаю вам того, що ви запізнилися на обід герундій відноситься до додатка.

Але герундій може також відноситися до іменника або займенника, що не є підметом чи додатком речення. Цей іменник чи займенник (суб’єкт герундія) завжди стоїть перед герундієм і позначає особу або предмет, що виконує дію або зазнає дії, вираженої герундієм. Сполучення герундія з таким іменником або займенником становить герундіальний комплекс:

Don’t fear my forgetting Aunt Alice.

Не бійтесь, що я забуду тітку Алісу.

Перша частина герундіального комплексу –– іменник у присвійному чи загальному відмінку або присвійний займенник. Друга частина –– герундій, що виражає дію, яку виконує або якої зазнає особа чи предмет, позначений першою частиною комплексу:

They were afraid of my finding out the truth.	Вони боялися, що я узнаю правду.
They told us of Peter’s coming there.	Вони сказали нам про те, що Петро приходив туди.

Якщо іменник, до якого відноситься герундій не вживається в присвійному відмінку, він становиться перед герундієм у загальному відмінку, але при заміні його займенником вживається, як правило, присвійний займенник:

I hadn’t much hope of his plan working.	У мене було мало надії на те, що його план буде ефективним.
I hadn’t much hope of its working.	У мене було мало надії на те, що він (план) буде ефективним.

Іменник у загальному відмінку може бути першою частиною герундіального комплексу, навіть якщо цей іменник взагалі може вживатися в присвійному відмінку. Іноді першою частиною герундіального комплексу може бути також особовий займенник в об’єктному відмінку:

I remember his sister taking part in the concert.	Пам’ятаю, що його сестра брала участь у концерті.
I do not like him going there.	Мені не подобається, що він йде туди.

Герудіальний комплекс становить один складний член речення і в реченні може бути:

а) підметом:

Your cominghere is very desirable.	Ваш приїзд сюди дуже бажаний.
It's no use my telling you a lie.	Навіщо мені говорити вам неправду?

б) додатком (безприйменниковим і прийменниковим):

Forgive my saying it.	Простіть, що я сказала це.
І insist upon your staying.	Я наполягаю на тому, щоб ви залишились.

в) означенням:

І don't know the reasonof your leaving.

Я не знаю причини вашого від'їзду.

г) обставиною:

І entered the room without hisseeing it.

Я увійшла до кімнати так, що він і не побачив цього.

19.7 Практичні завдання

Gerund

Вправа 1. Перекладіть рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу на герундій.

1. Have you finished writing? 2. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 3. I like skiing, but my sister prefers skating. 4. She likes sitting in the sun. 5. It looks like raining. 6. My watch wants repairing. 7. Thank you for coming. 8. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening. 9. Let's go boating. 10. He talked without stopping. 11. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 12. Iron is found by digging in the earth. 13. Jane was fond of reading.

Вправа 2. Перекладіть рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу на форми герундія.

1. Thank you for having helped me. 2. Can you remember having seen this man before? 3. After being corrected by the teacher, the students’ papers were returned to them. 4. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once. 5. She is interested in collecting stamps. 6. He has no right to come without being invited.7.He likes talking to me. 8. She is fond of painting.9. He likes drivinga car, but he dislikes being driven. 10. The watch was still going in spite of having been dropped on the floor. 11. I remember having shown her the letter. 12. He likes being invited by his friend.

Вправа 3. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи герундій.

1. My watch keeps (stop). 2. I suggested (go) by sea. 3. The taxi-driver tried to stop in time, but he couldn’t avoid (hit) the old woman. 4. Please, go on (write). 5. It’s no use (wait). 6.The book is worth (read). 7. When I came he was busy (write) a letter to his friend. 8. I didn’t feel like (work) so I suggested (spend) the day in the country. 9. Where is Ann? – She is busy (do) her homework. 10. He insisted on (help) me. 11. You should clean your teeth before (go) to bed. 12. After (walk) for three hours we decided to have a rest. 13. Would you mind (come) again in a day or two? 14. I don’t mind (do) this exercise. 15. She stopped (visit) us. 16. I’m very sorry for (be) late. 17. The shoes need (repair).

Вправа 4. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи герундій у активному або пасивному стані.

1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital. 4. The child insisted on (to send) home at once. 5. He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people's business. 6. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 7. He was always ready for (to help) people. 8. He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty. 9.The problem is not worth (to discuss).

Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи необхідну форму герундія.

1. You never mentioned (to be) to Greece. 2. I don’t remember ever (to meet) your sister. 3. I don’t remember (to ask) this question by anybody. 4. The cat was punished for (to break) the cup. 5. The cat was afraid of (to punish) and hid itself under the sofa. 6. I am quite serious in (to say) that I don’t want to go abroad. 7. She confessed to (to forget) to send the letter. 8. The old man could not stand (to tell) what he should do. 9. This monument is worth (to see). 10. After (to examine) thoroughly by the examination commission, the student was given a satisfactory mark. 11. She reproached me for (not to write) to her. 12. After (to look) through and (to mark) the students’ papers, the teacher handed them back. 13. This job is not worth (to take). 14. These clothes want (to wash). 15. David was very glad of (to find) his aunt.

Вправа 6. Перекладіть рідною мовою, вживаючи комплекс з герундієм.

1. I have no idea of his leaving London. 2. His being invited to take part in this conference is natural. 3. The engineer told us about his having been invited to the research institute. 4. She did not object to my doing the room. 5. I understand your wishing to start the work at once. 6. I object to his being sent there. 7. I am surprised at their having lost the game. 8. They insisted on my taking part in the competition. 9. I enjoy her playing. 10. Forgive my saying it.

Вправа 7. З’ясуйте форму та функцію герундія в реченнях. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. Would you mind lending me 20 dollars? 2. Dick went on asking about friends. 3. What are you fond of doing? 4. I remember having seen this film. 5. He gave up smoking. 6. Is it possible to learn English without working hard? 7. Mother is busy cooking dinner. 8. This TV set is worth buying. 9. I am proud of having been invited to the party. 10. The workers succeeded in completing the construction of the plant in time. 11. I am sorry for not telling you about it. 12. It is no use learning rules without examples. 13. I enjoyed seeing this performance. 14. I am looking forward to getting a letter from you. 15. She insisted on being sent to England. 16. After finishing school he worked at the plant. 17. I thank you for helping me.

Вправа 8. З’ясуйте форму та функцію герундія в реченнях. Перекладіть рідною мовою.

1. He is busy looking for the books for his report. 2. The house is old, and it needs painting. 3. He achieved results by raising temperature. 4. On returning home he began translating the text. 5. We understood the article without translating it. 6. Smoking cigarettes is bad for you. 7. On arriving at the office, she noticed that her secretary was absent. 8. I object to paying good money for badly made products. 9. Do you mind my asking you a question? 10.Experiments showed that all gases expand on heating. 11. By doing nothing we learn nothing. 12. Our engineers succeeded in creating a new device.

Вправа 9. Знайдіть речення, в яких -ing-форма є дієприкмет-ником або -ing-форма є герундієм. Перекладіть речення.

1. We all listened with great interest to the speaker criticizing the new book. 2. Criticizing the work of our club, he said that it was not satisfactory. 3. I have no objection to your criticizing me. 4. Running water is always better than standing water. 5. Returning home after a good holiday is always pleasant. 6. Returning home after a good holiday he looked the picture of health. 7. In this factory much attention is paid to protecting the health of the workers. 8. Having prepared all the necessary equipment, they began the experiment. 9. Reading books out-of-doors is his favourite way of spending the summer holidays, but he likes swimming and fishing as well. 10. My greatest pleasure is travelling.

Вправа 10. Знайдіть речення, в яких -ing-форма є іменником або -ing-форма є герундієм. Перекладіть речення.

1. The building of this house will cost much money. 2. Sleeping is necessary. 3. The motorcar was carefully examined before starting. 4. He spent much time on the copying of his literature lectures. 5. You should think before speaking. 6. The students found the reading of English newspapers rather difficult. 7. What do you mean by saying that? 8. Your hair wants cutting. 10. I like rapid reading.

Вправа 11. Знайдіть речення, в яких -ing-форма є дієприкметником, -ing-форма є іменником або -ing-форма є герундієм. Перекладіть речення.

1. I’m not very friendly with him, so I was surprised by his asking me to dinner. 2. Travelling is a pleasant way of improving education. 3. When studying at the University, he published several scientific articles. 4. Having received the telegram, they packed and left for Glasgo. 5. I’m thinking of changing my job. 6. The driving wheel of the machine is broken. 7. Driving in a motorcar we passed many villages. 8. The driving of a modern car gives me a lot of pleasure.9. We sat by the river-side listening to the running of the water. 10. The plant being built in our town will produce motorcycles. 11. He made his money by buying and selling cars. 12. Do you mind my smoking?

Вправа 12. Перекладіть речення рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу на дієприкметник, інфінітив та герундій.

1. I am glad to invite you to the conference. 2. I am glad to be inviting you to the conference. 3. I am glad to have invited you to the conference. 4. I am glad to be invited to the conference. 5. I am glad to have been invited to the conference. 6. He asked to be shown the new pictures. 7. The student reading a book is my friend. 8. Having read a lot of books on this question, he was able to make a very interesting report. 9. When he was a little boy, he liked to listen to stories being read by his mother. 10. The book read by this student was returned to the library. 11. Having been read by the students, the magazines were returned to the library. 12. Being very tired we refused to go to the cinema. 13. Having lost the key, we could not get into our room. 14. Reading books is very important for us. 15. We know of his having read this book. 16. He is responsible for the text being read in time. 17. He objects to the meeting being fixed for Monday. 18. I heard of his being sent to the South. 19. We know of this book being read by many students

Вправа 13. Розкрийте дужки, добираючи необхідні форми інфінітивів, дієприкметників або герундія. Доберіть необхідні прийменники.

The Bees

I remember when I was a child (send) (visit) one of our numerous elderly eccentric aunts. She was mad about bees; the garden was full of bees, (hum) like telegraph poles. One afternoon she put on an enormous veil and a pair of gloves, locked us all in the cottage for safety, and went out (try) (get) some honey out of one of the hives. Apparently she did not stupefy them properly, or whatever it is to do, and when she took the lid off, the bees poured out and settled on her. We were watching all this through the window. We didn’t know much about bees, so we thought this was all right, until we saw her (fly) round the garden (make) desperate attempts (avoid) the bees, (get) her veil tangled in the rosebushes. Eventually she reached the cottage and flung herself at the door. We couldn’t open it because she had the key. We kept (try) (tell) her this, but her screams of agony and the humming of the bees drowned our voices. It was I believe Leslie who had the brilliant idea (throw) a bucket of water over her from the bedroom window. Unfortunately in his enthusiasm he threw the bucket as well. (Drench) with cold water and then (hit) on the head with a large iron bucket is irritating enough, but (fight off) a mass of bees at the same time makes the whole thing extremely trying. When we eventually got her inside she was so swollen as to be almost unrecognizable.

19.8 Підсумкові тести з граматики

Неособові форми дієслова

Verbals

1. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.

1. I was tired of ….. to write or to read.

a) to pretend; b) pretending; c) to have been pretending;

d) having pretended.

2. He didn’t seem ….. what she said.

a) hearing; b) to hear; c) to have heard; d) having heard.

3. She never minded ….. alone at the cottage.

a) having been; b) to be; c) being; d) to have been.

4. They both paused ….. to the voices on the stairs.

a) to have listened; b) being listened; c) to be listening; d) listening.

5. You are pretty good at ….. your mouth shut.

a) keeping; b) being kept; c) to have kept; d) to keep.

6. His wife was in the bath. He could hear the water …..

a) running; b) to run; c) having run; d) to be running.

7. He saw John ….. himself a cup of coffee.

a) to pour; b) to have been pouring; c) pour; d) to have poured.

8. Pardon me for ….. you with my personal affairs.

a) to be troubling; b) troubling; c) to have troubled; d) being troubled.

9. «Joe», –– Alice said, «do have a sandwich». «They are here …..»

a) eating; b) to eat; c) to be eaten; d) to have been eaten.

10. Hurry up! There is no time …..

a) to lose; b) to have been lost; c) losing; d) having lost.

11. There was the sound of the piano …..

a) to play; b) to be played; c) to have been played; d) being played.

12. He is nowhere …..

a) found; b) finding; c) to be found; d) to have found.

13. He hardly looked at her while …..

a) talking; b) to be talking; c) to talk; d) to have been talking.

14. ….. angry wouldn’t help.

a) been; b) being; c) having been; d) to have been.

2. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.

1. She didn’t succeed in ….. her sister talk.

a) made; b) to be made; c) making; d) being made.

2. Beryl insisted on ….. in London.

a) to marry; b) being married; c) married; d) having been married.

3. She sat ….. straight before her.

a) gazed; b) to gaze; c) gazing; d) to be gazing.

4. I think I hear Hector ….. back.

a) to have come; b) to come; c) having come; d) coming.

5. She seemed ….. or …..

a) written***drawn; b) to write***to draw;

c) to be writing***to be drawing; d) to be written***to be drawn.

6. Why didn’t you make me ….. about it and ….. it off my heart ?

a) talking; b) to talk; c) talk; d) having talked.

a) got; b)get; c) to get; d) to be getting.

7. ….. my sister about it hurts me.

a) not to tell; b) not to be told; c) not telling; d) not to have been told.

8. Coming up I found my landlord ….. quietly upstairs.

a) going; b) gone; c) to go; d) to have gone.

9. You are mistaking in ….. me a beggar.

a) being supposed; b) supposing; c) to suppose; d) to be supposed.

10. Sam looked from side to side as though ….. to escape.

a) to try; b) trying; c) having tried; d) to have tried.

11. The door ….. out of the road was open.

a) to lead; b) led; c) leading; d) to have led.

12. He seemed ….. all he wanted.

a) gaining; b) to gain; c) having gained; d) to have gained.

13. An urgent sense of ….. caught me up.

a) being late; b) to be late; c) to have been late; d) having been late.

14. He never stopped looking for a chance to make us …..

a) obeying; b) to obey; c) obey; d) to have obeyed.

3. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.

1. All the January morning the telephone kept ….. in my office.

a) rung; b) to ring; c) to be ringing; d) ringing.

2. June watched her ….. with cold water the traces of emotion.

a) to remove; b) removing; c) to have removed;

d) having been removed.

3. When ….. she half closed her eyes and a dimple danced on her cheek.

a) to be laughed; b) laughed; c) laughing; d) having been laughed.

4. The novel «The Moonstone» by Collins deals with a ….. jewel.

a) vanished; b) vanishing; c) being vanished; d) to be vanished.

5. I suspected that Mr. Heng was the more likely ….. my presence.

a) to require; b) requiring; c) being required; d) required.

6. I drank slowly the green bitter tea, ….. the handless cup from palm to palm.

a) to shift; b) shifting; c) being shifted; d) to have shifted.

7. It `s natural for you ……. that money governs England.

a) to be thought; b) to be thinking; c) thinking; d) to think.

8. He didn’t want …..

a) being seen; b) to be seen; c) to see; d) having seen.

9. Then they heard the door-bell …..

a) to ring; b) to be ringing; c) ring; d) to have rung.

10. It was long after sunset, but no one thought of ….. to bed.

a) to go; b) to be gone; c) going; d) having gone.

11. She seemed ….. no attention to what was going round her.

a) to pay; b) paying; c) to have paid; d) to be paying.

12. He felt his irritation …..

a) to mount; b) mounting; c) being mounted; d) to have mounted.

13. The pills my doctor has given me make me ….. rather odd.

a) feeling; b) to feel; c) feel; d) felt.

14. That woman is still sitting. She seems ….. over an hour.

a) to be waiting; b) to have waited; c) to wait; d) to have been waiting.

4. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.

1. Lady Franklin seemed ….. an answer.

a) expecting; b) to expect; c) to be expected; d) to have been expecting.

2. ….. after children requires patience.

a) looking; b) being looked; c) having looked; d) to have been looking.

3. He found Dora ….. a novel in their bedroom.

a) reading; b) being read; c) to read; d) having read.

4. ….. from the expedition he wrote a book about Central Africa.

a) returning; b) having returned; c) to return; d) to have been returned.

5. However hard he tried he could not stop ….. about it.

a) to think; b) to be thinking; c) thinking; d) to have been thinking.

6. She felt somebody ….. her gently by the hand.

a) to touch; b) touch; c) touched; d) to have touched.

7. The boy was made ….. his story twice.

a) repeat; b) repeating; c) repeated; d) to repeat.

8. She didn’t seem ….. his unfriendly tone.

a) to have noticed; b) to notice; c) being noticed;

d) to have been noticed.

9. Do you mind ….. these photos again ?

a) seeing; b) having seen; c) to see; d) to have seen.

10. ….. his work, he seemed more pleased than usual.

a) finished; b) finishing; c) having finished; d) being finished.

11. He felt the water ….. his knees.

a) to reach; b) reached; c) being reached; d) reach.

12. The letter, ….. with « Dear sir» was not signed.

a) beginning; b) begun; c) having begun; d) to begin.

13. He said he was looking forward to ….. you again.

a) meet; b) being met; c) meeting; d) met.

14. The work can ….. in two days.

a) do; b) to do; c) done; d) be done.

5. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.

1. He let us ….. the box.

a) to take; b) to be taken; c) take; d) taking.

2. He left the room again, ….. the door behind him with a bang.

a) having closed; b) closing; c) closed; d) being closed.

3. Every second he kept ….. at the clock.

a) glancing; b) to glance; c) to be glancing; d) to be glanced.

4. «We are very sorry ….. you», –– began Peter.

a) to disturb; b) disturbing; c) having disturbed; d) to have disturbed.

5. He kept late hours last night, he may still …..

a) to sleep; b) sleeping; c) be sleeping; d) have been sleeping.

6. He enjoyed ….. and knew that he did it well.

a) teaching; b) to teach; c) being taught; d) to have been taught.

7. She turned and saw Shelton ….. down there.

a) to stand; b) to be standing; c) having stood; d) standing.

8. ….. all that was required, he was the last to leave the office.

a) doing; b) done; c) to do; d) having done.

9. Make your daughter ….. you.

a) helping; b) help; c) to help; d) helped.

10. ….. is believing.

a) to see; b) seen; c) seeing; d) having seen.

11. There are a great many things ….. into consideration.

a) to take; b) to be taking; c) to be taken; d) taken.

12. It `s silly of me, but I can `t help ….. anxious.

a) to feel; b) feeling; c) felt; d) having felt.

13. Your ….. so indifferent irritates me a great deal.

a) being; b) to be; c) to have been; d) having been.

14. I’ve never heard your canary …..

a) to sing; b) singing; c) to have sung; d) sing.

Lesson 20

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УМОВНІ РЕЧЕННЯ

В англійській мові вживаються чотири форми умовного способу: the Conditional Mood, the Suppositional Mood, Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II.

The Conditional Mood

Conditional Mood утворюється з допоміжних дієслів shouldі wouldта інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to. У першій особі вживається shouldабо would,у другій і третій особах –– would.

Отже, Conditional Mood за формою збігається з Future-in-the-Past дійсного способу, але відрізняється від нього за значенням.

Future-in-the-Past вживається для вираження реальної дії, що була майбутньою стосовно минулого:

І knew something would happentoday.

Я знав, що сьогодні щось трапиться.

Conditional Mood вживається для вираження дії, яка відбулася б за певних умов у теперішньому, минулому або майбутньому часі, але не відбудеться з якихось причин:

І should call on him but І have very little time.

Я б зайшов до нього, але у мене дуже мало часу.

Conditional Mood має дві часові форми: Present і Past.

Present Conditional утворюється з допоміжних дієслів shouldіwouldта інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to, тобто за формою збігається з Future Indefinite-in-the-Past: І (we) should/would work.He (she, it, you, they) would work.

Present Conditional виражає дію, що за певних умов могла б відбутися в теперішньому або майбутньому часі:

But for the rain we wouldworkin the garden today.	Якби не дощ, ми працювали б сьогодні в саду.
I'd buythe watch tomorrow but the shop will be closed.	Я купив би годинник завтра, але магазин буде зачинений.

Past Conditional утворюється з допоміжних дієслів should/would та перфектної форми інфінітива основного дієслова, тобто за формою збігається з Future Perfect-in-the-Past:

І (we) should/would have worked.

He (she, it, you, they)would have worked.

Примітка: Перфектна форма інфінітива (Perfect Infinitive) утворюється з інфінітива допоміжного дієслова to haveта дієприкметника минулого часу основного дієслова: to have worked.

Past Conditional виражає дію, яка за певних умов могла б відбутися в минулому, але через відсутність цих умов не відбулася:

Shewould have bought a watch but the shop was closed.

Вона купила б годинник, але магазин був зачинений.

Conditional Sentences

Запам’ятайте три типи умовних речень
I	If the weather is fine, we shall play outside. If you ring me up, I shall tell you something.	Якщо погода буде гарною, ми будемо грати на відкритому повітрі. Якщо ти зателефонуєш мені, я тобі щось розповім.
Реальна умова, що співвідноситься з майбутнім.
II	If the weather were fine, we should play outside.   If you rangme up, I should tell you something.	Якщо б погода була гарною (сьогодні, завтра), ми б грали на відкритому повітрі. Якщо б ти зателефонував (сьогодні, завтра) мені, я б тобі щось розповів.
Нереальна умова, що співвідноситься з теперішнім та майбутнім часами.
III	If the weather had been fine, we should haveplayedoutside. If you had rung me up, I should have told you something.	Якщо б погода була гарною (вчора), ми б грали на відкритому повітрі.   Якщо б ти зателефонував (вчора) мені, я б тобі щось розповів.
Нереальна умова, що співвідноситься з минулим часом.

20.1 Практичні завдання

Conditional Sentences

Вправа 1. Розкрийте дужки, запишіть кожне речення тричі, утворюючи умовні речення I, II, III типів.

E.g. If you (to be) free, I (come) to see you.

If youarefree, Ishallcometo see you.

If youwerefree, Ishouldcometo see you.

If youhad beenfree, Ishouldhavecometo see you.

If I (to see) her, I (to be) glad.

If Iseeher, Ishallbe glad.

If Isawher, Ishouldbeglad.

If Ihadseenher, Ishould have beenglad

1. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone. 2. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 3. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic. 4. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms. 5. If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 6. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university. 7. If my mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea-party. 9. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry).10. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) at the examination.

Вправа 2. Утворіть умовні речення II, III типів.

1. If I am not too busy, I shall go to the concert. 2. If no one comes to help, we shall be obliged to do the work ourselves. 3. If you put on your glasses, you will see better. 4. Will you be very angry if we don’t come? 5. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake. 6. If he has free time, he will help us.

Вправа 3. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у необхідній формі.

1. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 2. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 3. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 4.If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 5. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do. 6. If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter. 7. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 8. If you (not to get) tickets for the Philharmonic, we shall stay at home. 9. If you were not so careless about your health, you (to consult) the doctor. 10. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 11. If you (to do) your morning exercises every day, your health would be much better. 12.If he is not very busy, he (to agree) to go to the museum with us. 13. If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 14. If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 15. If I (to read) this book, I shall be happy. 16. If you had not wasted so much time, you (not to miss) the train. 17. If you (not to miss) the train, you would have arrived in time. 18. You (not to miss) the teacher’s explanation if you had arrived in time. 19. You would have understood the rule if you (not to miss) the teacher’s explanation. 20. If you (to understand) the rule, you would have written the test-paper successfully.

Вправа 4. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у необхідній формі.

1. You will never finish your work if you (to waste) your time like that. 2. If I (to have) his telephone number, I should easily settle this matter with him. 3. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly. 4. If you had let me know yesterday, I (to bring) you my book. 5. If you (to ring) me up, I shall tell you a secret. 6. If you (to be) a poet, you would write beautiful poetry. 7. If he did not read so much, he (not to know) English literature so well. 8. If he (to come) to our house yesterday, he would have met his friend. 9. If he (not to pass) his examination, he will not get a scholarship. 10. If she (not to help) me, I should have been in a very difficult situation. 11. If I were a famous singer, I (to get) a lot of flowers every day. 12. If you (not to buy) coffee, we shall drink tea. 13.If he is free tomorrow, he certainly (to come) to our party. 14. If my friend (to work) in my office, we should meet every day. 15. If you spoke English every day, you (to improve) your language skills. 16. If these shoes were not too big for me, I (to buy) them.

Вправа 5. Змініть речення за зразком.

A. Model: Nick doesn’t know English, so I don’t speak English with him.

– If Nick knew English, I should speak English with him.

B. We didn’t take a taxi, so we missed the train.

– If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn’t have missed the train.

A.1. I don’t live far from school, so I don’t go there by bus. 2. It is very cold, so the children will not go for a walk. 3. She is tired, so she won’t play basketball today. 4.I am not ill, so I shall not go to a doctor. 5. My father has no spare time, so he won’t play chess with me today. 6. I don’t know him, so I won’t ask him to help me.

B.1.Nick didn’t work hard, so he didn’t pass his examination. 2. My sister was busy last night, so she didn’t watch television. 3. You didn’t send me a telegram, so I didn’t meet you at the station. 4. The weather was bad the day before yesterday, so the children didn’t go to the forest. 5. We went to Odessa by plane, so we came in time. 6. I wasn’t sent there, so I didn’t make a report at the conference.

20.2 Підсумкові тести з граматики

Conditional Sentences

1. Доберіть відповідну форму дієслова.

1. If I ….. young I should have a walking holiday.

a) was; b) am; c) were; d) had been.

2. If you ….. sick people you wouldn’t be a doctor, dear.

a) hate; b) hated; c) will hate; d) had hated.

3. If I had not told him, he ….. never …..

a) should***know; b) had***known; c) would have***known;

d) knew.

4. You ….. hardly ….. him if you met him.

a) would***know; b) would have***known; c) had***known;

d) knows.

5. If they ….. us we shouldn’t have found the way.

a) help’ b) hadn’t helped; c) didn’t help; d) wouldn’t help.

6. If I had known that, I …..

a) didn’t come; b) came; c) shouldn’t come; d) shouldn’t have come.

7. She ….. calm if she knew what has happened.

a) wasn’t; b) won’t be; c) wouldn’t be; d) hadn’t been.

8. If I ….. enough money I should buy this cassette-recorder.

a) had had; b) had; c) have; d) shall have.

9. If you ….. hurry, you will miss the train.

a) don’t; b) won’t; c) wouldn’t; d) didn’t.

10. Nobody told me about your trouble. I ….. if I had heard about it.

a) would help; b) shall help; c) help; d) should have helped.

11. I shall stay at home till she …..

a) come; b) will come; c) would come; d) comes.

12. What will he do if his TV-set ….. ?

a) breaks; b) break; c) will break; d) broke.

13. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he ….. so many admirers.

a) hasn’t; b) wouldn’t have; c) hadn’t had; d) won’t have.

14. If he is free tomorrow, he certainly ….. to our party.

a) comes; b) would come; c) will come; d) had come.

2. Доберіть відповідну форму дієслова.

1. If you ….. between two and three yesterday you would have found him in.

a) came; b) come; c) had come; d) will come.

2. If it ….. , we shall have to stay at home.

a) rains; b) rained; c) would rain; d) had rained.

3. You ….. so bad if you didn’t smoke too much.

a) shouldn’t have felt; b) wouldn’t feel; c) felt; d) hadn’t felt.

4. If you had gone to the theatre last night, I `m sure, you ….. the play.

a) enjoyed; b) had enjoyed; c) should enjoy; d) would have enjoyed.

5. If he ….. his examination, he will not get a scholarship.

a) don `t pass; b) wouldn’t pass; c) doesn’t pass; d) won `t pass.

6. If you get a «five» , your mother ….. happy.

a) is; b) was; c) were; d) will be.

7. If he ….. in town yesterday he would have called on us.

a) was; b) is; c) had been; d) were.

8. I should be very glad if he ….. to my place.

a) came; b) comes; c) will come; d) had come.

9. If I ….. you I should pay no attention to what she says.

a) was; b) were; c) shall be; d) am.

10. My uncle ….. able to help us if he were here.

a) was; b) shall be; c) will be; d) would be.

11. If my friend ….. at home, he will tell us what to do.

a) will be; b) is; c) were; d) would be.

12. If it ….. tomorrow, our game will be cancelled.

a) rains; b) had rained; c) will rain; d) would rain.

13. If I ….. the result now, I would phone her immediately.

a) know; b) had known; c) knew; d) will know.

14. Your brother ….. much stronger if he took cold baths regularly.

a) were; b) will be; c) is; d) would be.

3. Доберіть відповідну форму дієслова.

1. If he ….. in time, shall we have to wait for him ?

a) won’t come; b) wouldn’t come; c) hadn’t come d) doesn’t come.

2. I ….. the same if I had been there.

a) should have done; b) should do; c) shall do; d) hadn’t done.

3. If he ….. hard, he would have achieved great progress.

a) works; b) worked; c) had worked; d) should work.

4. If you ….. me, I shall tell you a secret.

a) rings up; b) ring up; c) rang up; d) will ring up.

5. If he had warned me, I ….. the work in time.

a) should do; b) should have done; c) shall do; d) did.

6. If only I ….. more pocket money, I could buy some new English books.

a) have; b) will have; c) had; d) had had.

7. If you had let me know yesterday, I ….. you my book.

a) shall bring; b) should bring; c) brought; d) should have brought.

8.If you had written the test paper successfully, you ….. a «two».

a) didn’t get; b) won `t get; c) wouldn’t have got; d) don’t get.

9. You will never finish your work if you ….. your time like that.

a) waste; b) wasted; c) would waste; d) should have wasted.

10. If I ….. this rare book, I should gladly lend it to you.

a) have; b) had; c) has; d) shall have.

11. If I don `t manage to finish my report today, I ….. at home tomorrow.

a) stay; b) stayed; c) stays; d) shall stay.

12. If these shoes were not too big for me, I …... them.

a) shall buy; b) should buy; c) should have bought; d) had bought.

13. If it is not too cold, I ….. my coat.

a) shan’t put on; b) shall put on; c) put on; d) would have put on.

14. If you were not so careless about your health, you ….. the doctor.

a) will consult; b) consulted; c) should have consulted;

d) would consult.

4. Доберіть відповідну форму дієслова.

1. If I ….. English, I shouldn’t be able to enjoy Byron’s poetry.

a) knew; b) didn’t know; c) hadn’t known; d) don `t know.

2. If you hadn’t wasted so much time, you ….. the train.

a) didn’t miss; b) has missed; c) wouldn’t have missed; d) won `t miss.

3. Where will they go if the weather ….. fine ?

a) is; b) will be; c) were; d) would be.

4. If he didn’t live in St. Petersburg, we ….. so often.

a) met; b) wouldn’t have met; c) had met; d) shouldn’t meet.

5. You would have understood the rule if you ….. the teacher `s explanation.

a) didn’t miss; b) won’t miss; c) don’t miss; d) hadn’t missed.

6. If the fisherman had been less patient, he ….. so much fish.

a) caught; b) wouldn’t have caught; d) didn’t catch; d) will catch.

7. The child won `t be healthy if you ….. him much fruit.

a) don’t give; b) gave; c) gives; d) wouldn’t give.

8. If I ….. him, I shall tell him about their letter.

a) saw; b) see; c) shall see; d) should have seen.

9 If her alarm clock ….., she would have been on time for work this morning.

a) rings; b) rang; c) had rung; d) should ring.

10. If you had been feeling well, you ….. in class yesterday.

a) would have been; b) were; c) are; d) had been.

11. If you were on a hijacked plane, ….. you ….. the hijackers ?

a) did***attack; b) will***attack; c) would***attack;

d) had***attacked.

12. You will have to work hard if you ….. the lesson.

a) had missed; b) would miss; c) didn’t miss; d) miss.

13. If I ….. a bird, I should be able to fly.

a) were; b) was; c) am; d) shall be.

14. If he hadn’t been so careless, he …… into the strap.

a) had fallen; b) didn’t fall; c) felt; d) wouldn’t have fallen.

5. Доберіть відповідну форму дієслова.

1. She will walk home if it ….. cold.

a) wasn’t; b) won` t be; c) isn’t; d) would be.

2. If I had more time, I …... more books.

a) should read; b) shall read; c) read; d) had read.

3. If men …… no weapons, would wars be possible ?

a) have; b) had; c) had had; d) would have.

4. You won `t understand the rule if you ….. to the teacher.

a) didn’t listen; b) wouldn’t listen; c) don `t listen; d) won `t listen.

5. If he ….. the poem, he wouldn’t have got a bad mark.

a) will learn; b) learnt; c) would learn; d) had learnt.

6. If she ….. older she would understand you better .

a) was; b) were; c) is; d) had been.

7. If I could help you I readily …… so, but you know I can `t.

a) did; b) had done; c) shall do; d) should do.

8. If I had known of your arrival I ….. you .

a) should have met; b) would meet; c) will meet; d) met.

9. If she ….. me, I should have been in a very difficult situation.

a) helps; b) helped; c) hadn’t helped; d) would help.

10. I should be delighted if I ….. such a beautiful fur coat.

a) have; b) had; c) had had; d) shall have.

11. If you gave me your dictionary for a couple of days, I ….. this text.

a) shall translate; b) translated; c) would have translated;

d) should trans late.

12. If you ….. the 10.30 train, there is another at 10.35.

a) miss; b) will miss; c) should miss; d) had missed.

13. If it …… very cold tonight, our car won `t start in the morning.

a) will be; b) wouldn’t be; c) were; d) is.

14. I` m sure you could have done it without my help, if you ….. . It wasn’t difficult at all.

a) try; b) tried; c) had tried; d) would have tried.

ТЕКСТИ ДЛЯ ЧИТАННЯ

Marie Curie

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on 7 th of November 1867. Her father was a teacher of science¹ and mathematics in a school in the town, and from him little Marya Sklodovska –– which was her Polish name –– learned her first lessons in science. Marie's wish was to study at the Sorbonne in Paris and after many years of waiting she finally left her native land in 1891.

Once in Paris Marie began a course of hard study and simple living. She decided to work for two Master's degrees² –– one in Physics, the other in Mathematics. Thus she had to work twice as hard as the ordinary student. Yet she had not enough money to live on. She lived in a bare attic in the poorest quarter of Paris. Night after night, after her hard day's work at the University, she would climb to her poorly furnished room and work at her books for hours. Her meals were poor, sometimes no more than a bag of cherries, which she ate as she studied. Though she was often weak and ill under this hard mode of life³, she worked in this way for four years. She chose her course and nothing could turn her from it.

Among the many scientists Marie met and worked with in Paris was Pierre Curie. Pierre Curie, born in 1859 in Paris, was the son of a doctor, and from childhood he liked science. At sixteen he was a Bachelor of Science ⁴ and he took his Master's degree in Physics when he was eighteen. When he met Marie Sklodovska he was thirty-five years old and was famous throughout Europe for his discoveries in magnetism. But in spite of the honour he brought to France by his discoveries, the French Government could only spare him a very meagre salary⁵ as a reward, and the University of Paris refused him a laboratory of his own for his researches.

Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodovska, both of whom loved science more than anything else, very soon became the closest friends. They worked together constantly and discussed many problems of their researches. After little more than a year they fell in love with each other, and in 1895 Marie Sklodovska became Mme Curie. Their marriage was not only to be a very happy one but also one of the greatest scientific partnerships.

Notes

1 a teacher of science (фізики, хімії,біології)	– викладач природничих наук;
2 мaster's degree	– вчена ступінь магістра;
3 under this hard .mode of life	– при такому тяжкому способі життя;
4 a Bachelor of Science	– бакалавр природничих наук (звання, яке надають після закінчення університету);
5 spare him a very meagre salary	– платило йому мізерну зарплатню.

New York

New York is not a very old city. It was founded some three hundred years ago. New York, the largest city in the U. S., is situated in the mouth of the Hudson River. The centre of New York is Manhattan Island, which at the same time is the oldest part of the city.

New York, one of the leading U. S. manufacturing cities¹, is the home of great firms and banks. The most important branches of industry are those producing vehicles, paper and paper products, glass, chemicals and all kinds of machinery. The city has very busy traffic, its streets and highways are full of cars and buses.

The mouth of the Hudson River makes an excellent harbour with different kinds of ships not only for passengers but also for much of the materials by which the city lives. Numerous bridges link Manhattan Island with the opposite shores. The sea encircles many of the city's areas, and ships go over or under New York traffic².

Many of sky-scrapers of fifty and more storeys reaching high into the sky house the banks and offices of America's money kings, the richest men in the country. Yet most of the population are working people who carry on a bitter struggle for existence and live in constant fear of misery and unemployment.

Comparatively few of New York's inhabitants live in Manhattan, although the majority spend a considerable part of the day in this centre of business life. Here Broadway begins, here is Wall Street and the Stock Exchange³ filled from ten to three with a crowd of businessmen. This is the financial district, the heart and source of Am