Brush up your knowledge of English Grammar and pay attention to the word order in interrogative sentences in the Simple Tense. Answer the questions.

1. Do you know people who can think in an independent way and strive for developing their original ideas?

2. Why do professionals enter candidate programmes?

3. Who is admitted for the enrollment in candidate programmes?

4. What abilities and skills will any candidate student need to be successful in defending his thesis?

5. When did you make up your mind to dedicate yourself to research?

6. Who provides the guidance of candidate students?

7. What will be expected from your investigation for advancing science or technological progress?

8. Who is responsible for high standards of the dissertation quality and for awarding the academic degrees of Candidate and of Doctor of Science?

9. What specific fields can lead to the awarding of academic degrees at Siberian State University of Railway Engineering?

Exercise 1.1.3

Using the equivalent expressions from the text above, translate the Russian text into English. Use the Present Simple Tense. Check up the standard pronunciation of the words that are difficult or unknown to you. Tell this information in English. Make up your own questions about the enrollment in the third stage of the university education. Put the words in the correct order to make statements or questions.

Творческие люди имеют независимое мышление и реализуют нестандартные идеи, развивая науку как интеллектуальную и практическую деятельность человека. Являясь специалистами в самых разных областях, они берутся за решение самых сложных вопросов. Исследователи занимаются не только фундаментальной наукой, но ищут обоснованные ответы, которые имеют большое значение для технологического и культурного прогресса.

Для получения более глубокой подготовки и высшей квалификации в какой-либо области знания, следует поступить в аспирантуру и защитить кандидатскую диссертацию в Диссертационном совете. Диссертационные советы подчиняются Высшей Аттестационной Комиссии при Министерстве образования и науки и несут ответственность за уровень диссертационной работы. В РФ учёные степени кандидата и доктора наук приблизительно соответствуют степени PhD в англоязычных странах.

Программы третьей ступени высшего образования предполагают самостоятельное исследование под руководством опытных научных руководителей.

Зачисление в аспирантуру происходит на конкурсной основе. Претенденты сдают экзамены по специальности и иностранному языку. Наиболее подготовленные выпускники университетов с высокой степенью ответственности и мотивации к научной деятельности зачисляются на обучение.

Exercise 1.1.4

There are 11 candidate programmes at our University. Look through the text and extend the list of postgraduate programmes. Memorize the title of your postgraduate programme in English. Work in groups of two and tell each other about your postgraduate programmes.

Academic Ranks and Titles

The term “an academic title” designates individuals who may be engaged in teaching credit courses and in academic research.Typically, this termconveysthree attributes of its holder: the level of appointment (a rank),status(regular, visiting, of special recognition or otherwise) and function(teaching, research, etc.). Academic faculty and staff in a great number of accredited Universities all over the world have various titles that may be often misunderstood.They may be confusing because the same title may have different meanings in different Universities. Some holders of academic titles may have academic tenure and concentrate in research rather than teaching, while others may not. Research Assistants including research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally related to administrative staff rather than to faculty.

The complexity of the problem is the fact thatRussian educational systemprovides two degrees- Doctor of Science and Candidate of Scienceclose to standard PhD. If a PhD holder has written a lot of books, has had huge academic experience, and has publishedmany research results,he may have a chance to hold the certificate that his PhD equals Dr. of Sc..

Cand. and Dr. degrees are divided into majors.Doctor of Science (Dr. of Sc., the highest degree) means that a pretender must have Candidate of Science Degree. Candidate of Science (Cand. of Sc.) is usually earned after three years of research and defending a thesis. A pretender must have Master or Specialist Degrees.