EXERCISE 23 Answer questions about the text

1. When do vast quantities of salt water exist in surrounding parts of the formation?

2. What cases is the energy of salt water considered to be more important?

3. What does the displacement of oil and gas in an upward direction depend on?

4. What fields allow getting 50% of oil?

5. What types of drive do you know?

EXERCISE 24 Give the Russian equivalents to the following word combinations

1. Oilfields where “Water-Drive” is effective

2. Producing the wells

3. Gas- Cap-Drive

4. The uniformly porous formation

5. The petroleum reservoir

6. The expansive energy in the oil

EXERCISE 25 Insert the omitted word from the text

1. Tremendous quantities of __________ occur under pressure and provide a great additional store of energy to aid in producing oil and gas.

2. The energy supplied by the salt water comes from expansion of the water as pressure in __________ is reduced by production of oil and gas.

3. The expanding water moves and displaces __________ in an upward direction out of lower parts of the reservoir.

4. By this natural “Water-Drive” process __________ spaces vacated by oil and gas produced are filled with water, and oil and gas are moved toward __________.

5. Rate of production seems to exert only minor effect on oil recoveries obtainable from __________ type fields except where conditions are favorable for gas caps to form.

6. The kind of operation and total rate of production will determine which __________ will actually be effective, and accordingly will greatly affect the oil recovery.

“Dissolved-Gas-Drive”, oil and gas, salt water, the wells, the petroleum reservoir, type of drive, the pore

EXERCISE 26 Open brackets and use active or passive form of the verb. Consult the texts 1, 2 if necessary.

1. When the well (to drill) __________ into a hydrocarbon reservoir and open at the surface, the area in the vicinity of the well bore becomes an area of low pressure.

2. The pressure (to relate) __________ to the depth and the density of the fluid, and is called hydrostatic pressure.

3. The flow rate of oil or gas into the well bore (to depend) __________ on the permeability of the reservoir rock, the area of flow into the well bore and the viscosity of the fluid.

4. The energy supplied by the salt water (to come) __________ from expansion of the water as pressure in the petroleum reservoir (to reduce) __________ by production of oil and gas.

5. The expansive energy in the oil and gas (to conserve) __________.

EXERCISE 27 Translate into Russian in written form.

1. Organic residue carried by waters eventually settled to the bottom of the ancient seas.

2. The movement of oil and gas from its place of origin was both vertical and lateral.

3. The porosity of the rock, the pore size and the size of connecting channels between pores are all related to permeability.

4. One of conditions required for generation of major oil gas accumulations is availability of impermeable rocks (caps) restricting vertical oil and gas migration.

5. The shortest distance between oil and gas bearing formation top and bottom is called formation thickness.

EXERCISE 28 Translate into English in written form.

Коллекторы с газонапорным режимом

Нефть в подземных коллекторах содержит растворенные в ней различные количества газа, который появляется и расширяется по мере понижения давления в коллекторе. Когда газ выходит из нефти и расширяется, он движет нефть через коллектор к скважинам и способствует ее подъему к поверхности. Коллекторы, из которых добыча производится при помощи выхода и расширения растворенного в нефти газа, называются коллекторами с «напорным режимом растворенного газа». Такой процесс добычи нефти обычно считается наименее эффективным режимом, позволяющим максимально получить от 15 до 25 % содержащейся в коллекторе нефти.

EXERCISE 28 Add the missing words to this puzzle.

A crossword puzzle

Across

1. It is piece of equipment that exists atop (the exposed area above ground) of a well.

2. Easiness with which oil can be poured. It means thick oil.

3. Easiness with which fluid can move through porous rock. It means numerous channels for oil and gas migration.

4. It is the geological process by which sediments, soil, and rocks are added to a landform or land mass.

Down

1. It is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface.

2. This reservoir is geological structure or trap which this has migrated and within which it has been trapped and has accumulated.

3. Availability of pore spaces between rock particles. It is a ratio of open space to total volume of rock and is calculated in percentage.

4. Underground reservoir that prevents the escape of oil contained in it.

CHAPTER III