C) How do you say these numbers in English?
НАВЧАЛЬНО-МЕТОДИЧНИЙ
ПОСІБНИК
із граматики англійської мови
для студентів
вищих медичних навчальних закладів
Суми
Сумський державний університет
Навчально-методичний посібник із граматики англійської мови для студентів вищих медичних навчальних закладів / укладачі І. Терлецька, О. Полонська. – Суми : Сумський державний університет, 2013. – 280 с.
Зміст
Передмова. 4
Chapter 1. Articles (indefinite/definite). Nouns. Numbers and Numerals. Verbs to be, to have, to do 5
Chapter 2. Prepositions: locators in time & space. Complex prepositions 21
Chapter 3. Adjectives. Adverbs. Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs 38
Chapter 4. Pronouns: subjective, objective, possessive, demonstrative & more 49
Chapter 5. Modal verbs and their equivalents. 61
Chapter 6. Imperative mood. Conditionals. 80
Chapter 7. Active voice in all tenses. 90
Chapter 8. Tense changes in passive voice. 117
Chapter 9. Infinitive. Infinitive constructions. 131
Chapter 10. Participle. Gerund. Gerundial constructions. 151
Chapter 11. Conjunctions: coordinating words. 169
Chapter 12. Word-formation. 179
Chapter 13. Review.. 196
Appendix A. Quizzes. 215
Appendix B. Keys to quizzes. 267
Appendix C. Table of irregular verbs. 270
Список літератури. 278
Передмова
Навчальний посібник адресований студентам вищих медичних навчальних закладів освіти ІІІ – ІV рівнів акредитації, а також може використовуватись у системі післядипломної освіти, аспірантурі, спецординатурі чи самостійно.
Мета посібника – сформувати у студентів, які вивчають англійську мову, вміння й навички, необхідні для практичного застосування англійської мови у професійній діяльності.
Наголос у посібнику робиться на повторенні граматичного матеріалу, тому що досвід показує, що студенти потребують повторення, систематизації й узагальнення відомостей із граматики, які необхідні для практичного оволодіння мовою. У посібнику висвітлюються лише ті основні граматичні явища сучасної англійської мови, які регулярно трапляються у медичній літературі. Пояснення мовних явищ супроводжуються схемами, таблицями, які допомагають студентам краще засвоїти та запам’ятати навчальний матеріал.
Деякі розділи, як, наприклад, дієприкметник, інфінітив, герундій, розроблені дещо детальніше, ніж інші розділи, оскільки їх детальне вивчення особливо важливе для точного перекладу спеціальних текстів та документів.
За своїм обсягом запропонований посібник наближається до посібників нормативної граматики для мовних ВНЗ. Проте він відрізняється від них здебільшого менш детальним теоретичним аналізом граматичних явищ, оскільки призначається не для підготовки викладачів англійської мови, а для підготовки спеціалістів, пов’язаних у своїй роботі з англійською мовою.
Chapter 1. Articles (indefinite/definite). Nouns. Numbers and numerals. Verbs to be, to have, to do
Артикль
| Неозначений | Означений | Відсутність артикля |
| A (AN) a pen, an armchair a black pen some students He is a student. our institute, Kyiv | THE the books the interesting book The book is new. | – this student some students our institute, Kyiv |
1 Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary:
1 The doctor gave the wounded ... first aid. 2 Caravan is ... ten days’ journey across the desert. 3 It is ... good advice. 4 Do you always stay indoors in ... wet weather. 5 I saw ... man and ... girl in that car. ... man was about seventy and ... girl looked ... teenager. 6 This problem seems simple at ... first sight. 7 Where were you on ... New Year's Day? 8 It's ... demanding work, isn't it? 9 The thief was sent to ... prison for a year. 10 Who won ... first prize? 11 There is ... black hair on your sleeve. 12 The children had ... great fun in the camp. 13 My husband has gone to ... school to have a talk with our son's teacher. 14 Have you got ... two-month contract with the company? 15 My grandfather is in ... very poor health. 16 Our teacher says that ... knowledge comes to us through our senses. 17 The girl provided me with ... interesting information about my new acquaintance's past. 18 Who is that girl with ... blonde hair? 19 This is ... wrong time to make a visit. 20 The patient is making ... good progress. 21 ... Room 23 is on ... third floor. 22 Who gave you ... permission to enter this room?
2 Insert a or an where necessary:
1 This is … good example. 2 … English is … international language. 3 … health is better than … wealth. 4 … lemon is yellow. 5 … polite person is always pleasant. 6 … men and … women like sport. 7 Twain and London are … American writers. 8 That is … beautiful flower. 9 I hate … foggy weather. 10 … orange is sweeter than … lemon. 11 I like eating spicy food. 12 … people are different. 13 This is … English grammar book 14 … love is blind. 15 … pound is lighter than … kilogram.
3 Use a, an, or some:
1 She made … announcement. 2 He drinks … water. 3 I had … accident. 4 He has … work to do tonight. 5 I need … information. 6 I got a telegram from my sister. 7 Give me … watch, please. 8 You may take … sugar. 9 I prefer … tea. 10 There’s … sofa and … armchair in the room. 11 I’d like … coffee. 12 Which would you like: … apple or … orange? 13 I heard … interesting news. 14 We bought ... furniture. 15 Is there … letter for me?
4 Fill in the blanks with articles if necessary:
1 Oksana's mother is in ... hospital, she is seriously ill. 2 On my way home I saw ... man near our house. ... man looked strange. 3 What ... good weather! 4 I'd like to write … good detective story. 5 Is Tom in? - No, he must have gone to ... hospital to see his sick friend. 6 She is ... very good teacher. 7 Hasn't your son come from ... school yet? 8 They have ... heavy luggage. 9 Ann has ... wonderful hair. 10 Your granny is in ... good health, isn't she? 11 Do you often go to ... church? 12 What ... pretty girl! 13 My friends wished you ... good luck. 14 I will see you ... hour later. 15 You are making ... good progress. 16 My son failed to find ... full-time work. 17 To get ... job in that country foreigners need ... special permission. 18 It's ... wonderful news. 19 ... old friend came to see me. 20 He is in ... Room 113. 21 Whose flowers won ... first prize? 22 Could you give him ... first aid? 23 I'd like to buy ... new furniture. 24 She wants ... advice on how to cook it. 25 Did you have ... week's holiday? 26 I think we are in ... wrong place. 27 There is ... hair in your soup. 28 Let's have ... five minutes' break.
Множина іменників
| -s -es y → ie + s fe → ve + s | a book – books a class – classes a study – studies a life – lives | але: a man – men a woman – women a child – children a tooth – teeth a foot - feet |
5 Give the plural of the following:
House, mouse, potato, piano, dish, baby, valley, knife, thief, roof, cliff, woman, tooth, child, box, ox, sheep, brother-in-law
6 Give the singular of the following:
Heroes, kisses, flies, donkeys, loaves, feet, deer, men-of-war, sisters-in-law
7 Make the following compound nouns plural:
Toothbrush, railway-carriage, pocket-knife, housemaid, shoemaker, workman, manservant (be careful here!), classroom, bedroom, inkstand, armchair, table-cloth, windmill, matchbox, woman-teacher (are you sure?), teapot, snowball, bookshop, watchmaker
8 Translate the sentences. Give the singular and plural of italicized words:
1 The cause is undoubtedly a microbe which is present normally in the abdomen and which becomes virulent in certain circumstances, or a blood-borne organism which has emigrated from another focus. 2 The “Bacillus Coli” is often found, but streptococci of various kinds and even the "Typhoid Bacillus” may occur. 3 In both cases cell-division was preceded by a division of the nuclei. 4 Protoplasm has repeatedly been subjected to chemical analysis. 5 It happens, for instance, in a case of detachment of the retina at the back of the eye near the ophthalmic optic nerve. 6 When treating the detachment of the retina with the help of a laser, use is made of the so-called phenomenon of coagulation.
9 Read the numerals:
а) 2, 12, 20; 3, 13,30; 4, 14, 40; 5, 15, 50; 6, 16, 60; 7, 17, 70; 8, 18, 80; 9, 19, 90.
b) 23, 37, 45, 53, 68, 77, 89, 94, 100, 105, 125, 248, 472, 562, 748, 892, 974, 1245, 4567, 6748, 92 794, 563 249.
c) 1-й, 2-й, 3-й, 4-й, 5-й, 8-й, 10-й, 11-й, 12-й, 15-й, 18-й, 20-й, 21-й, 22-й, 23-й, 25-й, 27-й, 29-й, 30-й.
10 Read the dates:
In 1812, in 1905, in 1935, in 1941, in 2000, in 2007.
11 Write the following in full:
1) 13%; 2) 1%; 3) 18.5%; 4) 55.9%; 5) 100%; 6) 87.5%.
12 Read the following fractions:
a) 1/8; 2/3; 3/4; 1/2; ¼; 1/3; 2/5; 7/8; 1/10; 1/6; 1⅓ ; 1½; 2¾; 7½; 2⅓.
b) 0.5; 0.25; 0.3; 0.75; 0.4; 0.2; 0.125; 0.8; 0.01; 0.05; 1.75; 1.33; 1.5; 1.25; 7.5; 3.4; 5.75; 2.75; 4.5; 8.03.
c) How do you say these numbers in English?
| 1) in 1999; | 9) 2.147; |
| 2) 400 books; | 10) 0.25; |
| 3) 100%; | 11) -5 Centigrade; |
| 4) 0.25; | 12) 7.75; |
| 5) 640303 (phone number); | 13) 1,250,000; |
| 6) June, 4; | 14) in 1940; |
| 7) 0.03; | 15) 12, October; |
| 8) 2¾; | 16) 51 %. |
13 Make sentences. Use the information from the table:
| There are | 60 seconds | in/on | December |
| 60 minutes | a day | ||
| 24 hours | a minute | ||
| 28 days | February | ||
| 31 days | a book | ||
| 7 days | Monday | ||
| 12 months | a year | ||
| 4 lectures | an hour | ||
| 100 pages | a week |
14 Answer the following questions. Pay attention to the figures:
1 When were you born? 2 What is your telephone number? 3 What is your address? 4 What is the population of your city/town? 5 How old is London? 6 When was London founded? 7 What is the population of London? 8 When do we celebrate New Year’s Day? 9 How far is it from London to Cardiff? 10 When does a new academic year begin? 11 How many days are there in a year? 12 What’s the telephone number of the first emergency aid? 13 What date is it today? 14 When did you enter the university? 15 What’s the phone number of your friend?
Дієслово to be в Simple Tenses (Active voice)
| Present | Past | Future | |
| I | am | was | will be |
| he, she, it | is | was | will be |
| we | are | were | will be |
| you | are | were | will be |
| they | are | were | will be |
15 Complete the sentences with am, is or are:
1 She … in my class. 2 They … in the office. 3 It … very difficult. 4 I … not from England. 5 He … a good student. 6 How … you? 7 … they at home? 8 The book … here. 9 The class … not very big. 10 The books … on my desk. 11 … your mother and father at work? 12 … English very difficult? 13 The shop … not open. 14 The rose … beautiful. 15 … I right? 16 It … not my book. 17 Jane … not a teacher. 18 They … in the street. 19 It … not his pen. 20 … they late?
16 Choose the correct verb:
1 The news (is/are) heard on the radio at nine o'clock. 2 Some people (is/are) coming today. 3 Hob's trousers (is/are) torn. 4 The furniture in the room (is/are) of good quality. 5 His information (is/are) not correct.
17 Fill in the blanks with the necessary form of the verb to be:
1 I … a medical student now. 2 My father … an old worker. 3 Her brothers … good engineers. 4 My friend … a first-year student. 5 She … at home yesterday. 6 Tarasenko … a doctor next year. 7 I … a doctor in five years. 8 We … at the lesson. 9 I … at the English lesson yesterday.
18 Fill in the gaps with am/am not, is/is not, are/are not to complete the story:
Our family … a big one, we … four: my father, my mother, my elder brother and I. My father … a tall broad-shouldered man of 49. My mother … a pleasant woman of 47. My parents … economists and they … fond of their profession.
They … always very busy and when they … at home I am ready to do everything in the house. My elder brother … an economist, he … a doctor, so he … as busy as my parents. In the evening when we … at home we … glad to see each other.
Our personal hobbies … the same. My mother … fond of music, my elder brother … a football-fan, my father and I … interested in playing chess. But we … all keen on making films. It … our family hobby and useful for all of us.
Загальні питання
| Are you a student? – Yes, I am. No, I am not. |
| Is he a doctor? – Yes, he is. No, he is not. |
Альтернативні питання
| Are you a student or a doctor? – I am a student. |
Спеціальні питання
| Where are the students? – They are at the lecture. |
| What are they? –They are students. |
19 Give answers in the positive or negative form:
1 Is he a student of our Institute? 2 Is she a first year student? 3 Are they Arabians? 4 Is the TV set on the table? 5 Were you ill last week? 6 Are you well? 7 Was he at the lecture yesterday? 8 Will you be at the meeting tomorrow? 9 Is he a worker or a student?
20 Ask questions using the words in brackets:
1 His name is Peter. (What?) 2 He is at the lecture. (Where?) 3 His father is a worker. (What?) 4 Nina is ill. (Who?) 5 They are at home. (Where?) 6 He was a doctor. (What?) 7 They were at the English lesson yesterday. (When?) 8 The students are in this hall. (What hall?)
21 Translate into English:
1 Я студент медичного інституту. 2 Мій друг – студент педагогічного інституту. 3 Ми студенти першого курсу. 4 Вона знаходиться в інституті. 5 Вони українці, а він росіянин. 6 Вчора я був на лекції. 7 Ми будемо лікарями через п’ять років. 8 Ваш батько робітник? 9 Хто ви? 10 Де ваші підручники?
22 Supply was/were:
a) 1 He … very tired yesterday. 2 They … not very happy together. 3 Why … you angry with me last night? 4 Her doctor … not very helpful. 5 ... they in France or in Spain last summer? 6 Mr. Jones … not in the office yesterday. 7 I … in bed all morning. 8 It … not very warm in the swimming-pool, … it? 9 You … not very friendly to my sister. 10 She … a beautiful baby. 11 They … awake early this morning. 12 I … not with them at the cafe. 13 Ruth … on holiday last week. 14 It … a very nice letter. 15 We … very pleased to see you. 16 Michel and his brother Andrew … here last year.
b) It … a very beautiful day. The sun … hot and the sky … blue. James and Wendy … on the beach. They … with their three children.
The children … in the sea. The sea … a bit cold but the children … happy. There … lots of other children in the sea too: some of them … in the water with their parents. Wendy and James … on the sand and James … asleep with a book on his face. But suddenly there … grey clouds all over the sky and the sun … not hot any more. The beautiful weather … finished and there … wet picnics and wet people everywhere. A British summer holiday.
23 Read what Jane says about her life at the moment and her future. Ask questions. Use will or won’t:
At the moment I’m very busy. On week-days I am at my work very late and tonight is the same. I’ll be at home as usual. After a light supper I’ll be with my books on the computer. I’m sick and tired of them but at the same time they will be of great use for me in my work.
But today I’m happy because tomorrow is Sunday – no work and no books.
So tomorrow afternoon I’ll probably be out. I want to see a new exhibition of the modern art. I’m sure it will be very interesting and exciting. I think it will be a good relaxation after my hard work.
I have more and more reason to be happy. At the end of the month I’ll be on holiday in Rome with my friends. We will be glad to see each other again. I hope we will really have a good time.
24 Insert it is/there is/there are in the spaces:
1 Come on, children! … time to get up! … nearly breakfast. 2 … a hotel in the village, so we want to stay there. 3 … a pity you haven’t another magazine. 4 … a post office in the city centre. 5 … fine today. … many people walking in the park. 6 What’s that noise? – … the wind. 7 … a pond beside your home? – Yes, … . – How deep … ? 8 … a bus that leaves at nine o’clock? 9 … a beautiful square near my house. 10 … a drink for everyone who is thirsty. 11 … some chocolates on the plate beside his bed. 12 … not far from my house to the city centre. 13 … too early to leave. 14 … not true to say that she’s my friend. 15 … no mistakes in your dictation.
25 Put in the correct form of there was/there were:
1 … a good film at the Regal yesterday. 2 … some old friends of yours at the exhibition last night. 3 ... only a footpath here last year? 4 How many mistakes … in your last exercise? 5 … some men standing at the corner of the street ten minutes ago. 6 … no one at home when I called for him. 7 … only a few sandwiches left over from yesterday? 8 ... still several empty seats in the plane when I arrived. 9 … every good dance bend in that restaurant last year. 10 … no light in the kitchen when I got home. 11 How many people … at his lecture yesterday? 12 … a lot of time and we walked there. 13 … no railways in the 18th century.
Дієслово to have в Simple Tenses (Active voice)
| Present | Past | Future | |
| I | have | had | will have |
| he, she, it | has | had | will have |
| we | have | had | will have |
| you | have | had | will have |
| they | have | had | will have |
Але: У розмовній мові дієслово to have може змінюватися формою to have got. Наприклад: I have got many friends.
26 Fill in the blanks with the necessary form of the verb ‘to have’:
1 I … a brother. 2 He … two sisters. 3 They … many friends. 4 This man … a large family some years ago. 5 They … got a good flat last year. 6 I … a new coat next month. 7 You … new textbooks tomorrow. 8 We … got many relatives.
Загальні питання
| Have you a brother? – Yes, I have. No, I have not. |
| Has he got a friend? – Yes, he has got. No, he has not got. |
| Do you often have English lessons? – Yes, we do. No, we don’t. |
Альтернативні питання
| Have you a brother or a sister? – I have a sister. |
Спеціальні питання
| What books have you in your bag? – I have English books. |
| How many lectures did you have yesterday? – We had two lectures. |
27 Give answers in the positive or negative form:
1 Have you many friends? 2 Has he got a brother? 3 Do you have many books? 4 Did you have a lecture yesterday? 5 Do your parents a good flat? 6 Did he have a large family? 7 Has he got a dictionary? 8 Does Petrenko have a son or a daughter? 9 Will you have a meeting tomorrow? 10 Do you have a good watch?
28 Ask questions using the words in brackets:
1 They have two lectures every day? (How many?) 2 His parents have a big house in the country. (Where?) 3 He has a good job. (What kind of work?) 4 Nick has a big family. (Who?) 5 You had your dinner at 5 o’clock. (What time?) 6 They have a lot money. (How much?) 7 He has got three friends. (How many?) 8 They have a two-room flat. (What flat?)
29 Translate into English:
1 У неї є брат. 2 У мене є багато друзів. 3 Щодня у нас лекції. 4 У моїх батьків гарна квартира. 5 У Петра багато книжок. 6 У вас є сьогодні лекції? 7 Скільки лекцій у вас щодня? 8 Які лекції у вас були вчора? 9 У цього чоловіка є донька? 10 Скільки дітей у вашого брата?
Дієслово to do
1 Смислове дієслово робити(форми: do/does/did), відрізняється від дієслова to make – робити тим, що означає виконувати дію, в той час як to make має значення виробляти/виготовляти будь-що:
| He does it every day. | Він робить це (виконує дію) кожен день. |
| He makes good things. | Він робить/виготовляє гарні речі. (звідси: Made in … – Зроблено в ...) |
2 Допоміжне дієслово для формування Active Simple у питальних реченнях:
Doyou speak English?
Didshe come yesterday?
You don’tlove Peter, do you?
3 Допоміжне дієслово для формування Active Simpleу заперечних реченнях:
I don’t (do not) speak French.
She doesn’t (does not) know this man.
They didn’t (did not) come yesterday.
She loves him, doesn’t she?
Didn’t you /Did you not see that film?
4 Інколи використовується як допоміжне дієслово у стверджувальних реченнях:
| Little did he realize. | Він так майже нічого й не зрозумів. |
| Only rarely does she come before ten o’clock. | Дуже рідко/майже ніколи вона приходить раніше десятої години. |
5 Використовується як дієслово-посилювач. При вимові вголос стоїть під наголосом:
| I do want to help you. | Я хочу допомогти тобі (повір мені). |
| She does love you. | Вона тебе любить (не сумнівайся). |
6 Використовується як дієслово-замінник:
| I know it better than he does. | Я знаю це краще, ніж він (знає). |
| He promised to help us and he did. | Він обіцяв допомогти нам, і допоміг. |
7 Використовується для утворення негативної форми наказового способу:
| Don’t be late! | Не запізнюйся! |
| Don’t open any windows! | Не відчиняй вікна! |
8 Використовується для надання формі наказового способу відтінку наполегливого прохання/переконання:
| Do be careful. | Тільки будь уважнішим. |
| Do let us go to the hospital. | Ну давай поїдемо до лікарні. |
9 Використовується в розмовних конструкціях як реакція на який-небудь вислів:
| I need some help. Do you? So do I. | Мені потрібна допомога. Невже? Мені також. |
| They didn’t come yesterday. Didn’t they? Neither did my doctor. | Вони не приходили вчора. Невже? Мій лікар також. |
30 Put do or make in front of these words:
… one’s best; … an appointment; … business with someone; … an experiment; … an arrangement; … research;… one’s hair; … an attempt; … a noise; … something for a living; … progress; … an impression; … somebody a service; … a journey; … a fortune; … war.
31 Fill in the gaps with make or do in the necessary form:
1 My uncle Martin … a lot of money with his company last year. 2 You didn't … your homework yesterday. Why? 3 … me a favour. Can you pick up my suit from the dry cleaner's tomorrow? 4 Before going to the airport, … sure you have your ID with you. 5 I think Jane … a mistake in her presentation yesterday. 6 It won't … you any harm to eat more fruit and vegetables! 7 The police officer was only … his duty when he questioned you about the robbery. 8 David had just … me an offer I can't refuse. He's asked me to journey with him to Sydney! 9 It's always a pleasure to … business with that company. 10 Jerry has … fun of me because of my outfit! 11 Marge always … the housework before going shopping. 12 Can you … room for my suitcase in the wardrobe, please? 13 We … a difficult mathematics test last Friday. 14 Mark has to make up his mind! He has to … a choice now! Does he want to go to university or not? 15 I'm not in the mood to go to Ellen's party tonight. I think I'll … an excuse and I'll stay home. 16 You don't need to win the competition, just … your best! 17 I'd like to … an inquiry regarding room availability for the 22nd of October. 18 A hot cup of chocolate … me good whenever I feel low. 19 The hurricane … some terrible damage to the neighbouring house. It was a nightmare! 20 I think scientists have … an important discovery on how to cure AIDS.
32 Translate these senteces. Notice the functions of the verbs to do:
1 This field does not affect the forward motion of the electrons but does act upon the transverse motion. 2 Not all metals react with acids, and when they do the gas evolved is not always hydrogen. 3 Gold usually occurs in the natural state while iron does not. 4 The individual electrons do not move even approximately independent of the another as do, for example,the planets in the solar system. 5 Copper does not combine with oxygen when cold, but it does do so slowly when heated. 6 The beta-rays which do pass through the aluminium do not ionize the gas as profusely as do the alpha-rays. 7 Most authorities agree that catalysts do in some manner combine with the substance or substances upon which their catalytic influence is exerted.
33 Translate these senteces. Note functions of the verb to do:
1 Do you go to see your friends very often? 2 The young scientist did make the experiment successfully. 3 She did her exercise without any mistakes. 4 They usually study English every day. So does he. 5 She doesn’t watch TV in the afternoon. 6 We asked the typist not to omit the sentence, but she did omit it. 7 “Do you always have breakfast at home?”- “No, I don’t.” 8 I always do my morning exercises. 9 “Do repeat these rules,” I said to a friend of mine. 10 Peter made much more efforts to pass the exam than I did.