Seem appear tend pretend claim

For example:

They seem to have plenty of money.

I like Dan, but I think he tends to talk too much.

Ann pretended not to see me when she passed me in the street.

There is also a continuous infinitive (to be doing) and a perfect infinitive (to have done):

I pretended to be reading the newspaper. (= I pretended that I was reading)

You seem to have lost weight. (= it seems that you have lost weight)

Martin seems to be enjoying his new job. (= it seems that he is enjoying it)

After dare you can use the infinitive with or without to:

I wouldn't dare to tell him. or I wouldn't dare tell him.

But after dare not (or daren't), you must use the infinitive without to:

I daren't tell him what happened, (not I daren't to tell him)

After some verbs you can use a question word (what/whether/how etc.) + to ... . We use this structure especially after:

Ask decide know remember forget explain learn understand wonder

We asked how to get to the station.

Have you decided where to go for your holidays?

I don't know whether to apply for the job or not.

Do you understand what to do?

Also show/tell/ask/advise/teach somebody what/how/where to do something:

Can somebody show me how to change the film in this camera?

Ask Jack. He'll tell you what to do.

Short History of Chocolate

Aztec Indian legend held that cacao seeds had been brought from Paradise and that wisdom and power came from eating the fruit of the cacao tree. Because of a spelling error, probably by English traders long ago, the cacao beans became know as the cocoa beans.

The Spanish general, Hernando Cortes, landed in Mexico in 1519. The Aztecs believed he was the reincarnation of one of their lost gods. They honored him by serving him an unusual drink, presented in a cup of pure gold. This unusual drink was called "chocolatl" by the Aztecs.

When Cortes returned to Spain, he took the cocoa bean with him and there is was mixed with sugar and vanilla. this sweet drink became fashionable and soon there were chocolate houses in all the capitals of Europe.

A delicate tree, cacao is only grown in rain forests in the tropics, usually on large plantations, where it must be protected from wind and intense sunlight. The tree is harvested twice a year.

Milk chocolate was invented in 1876 by a Swiss chocolatier, Daniel Peter (1836-1919) of Vevey, Geneva. Daniel Peter successfully combined chocolate with powdered milk to produce the first milk chocolate. Today, the finest chocolate is still made in Switzerland, and the consumption of milk chocolate far outweighs that of plain chocolate.

Chocolate was introduced to the United States in 1765 when John Hanan brought cocoa beans from the West Indies into Dorchester, Massachusetts, to refine them with the help of Dr. James Baker. The first chocolate factory in the country was established there.

Exercises

Read and translate the text.