Classification of pronouns.

Н.Ю.Тодорова

ПРАКТИЧНА ГРАМАТИКА АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

Навчально-методичний посібник для студентів 1 року навчання

ЗАТВЕРДЖЕНО

на засіданні кафедри

перекладу та мовознавства

Протокол № 11

від 25 червня 2015 р.

Одеса - 2015

Тодорова Н.Ю. Практична граматика англійської мови.

Навчально-методичний посібник для студентів 1 року навчання за напрямом підготовки «Філологія», освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «бакалавр». – Одеса: МГУ, 2015. – 121 с.

Рецензенти:

Таланова Л. Г., к. пед. н., доцент каф. перекладу та мовознавства МГУ (Одеса)

Шкворченко Н. Н., к.ф.н., доцент каф. перекладу та мовознавства МГУ (Одеса)

Рекомендовано до друку

Засіданням кафедри перекладу та мовознавства

Міжнародного гуманітарного університету

протокол № 11

від 25 червня 2015 р.

Навчально-методичний посібник призначено для студентів 1 року навчання факультету лінгвістики та перекладу Міжнародного гуманітарного університету.

Посібник складається з тринадцяти тем, практичних вправ до кожної теоретичної теми та списку використаної літератури.

Перший рік вивчення практичної граматики передбачає вдосконалення й засвоєння граматичного матеріалу, який було розпочато у загальноосвітніх навчальних закладах. Практичний курс англійської мови розпочинається з вивчення частин мови, а саме займенника. Особлива увага приділяється вивченню дієслова.

Загальна мета даного посібника полягає в у формуванні комунікативних англомовних умінь студентів для застосування їх у вирішенні професійних завдань у міжкультурній комунікації.

Тодорова Н.Ю. ( 2015 )

Theme I.1. General classification of the parts of speech.

Grammatical structure of the English language.

Languages may be synthetic and analytical according to their grammatical structure.

In synthetic languages, such as for instance Russian, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of inflections: e. g. крыша дома.

In analytical languages, such as English, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of form words and word order: e. g. the roof of the house, I am writing/I have been writing.

However, the structure of a language is never purely synthetic or purely analytical. Accordingly in the English language there are:

1. Endings:

-s in the third person singular in the Present Indefinite: speaks;

-s in the plural of nouns: tables;

-s in the genitive case: my brother’s book;

-ed in the Past Indefinite of regular verbs: smoked.

2. Inner flexions: man – men; speak – spoke.

Owing to the scarcity of synthetic forms the order of words, which is fixed in English, acquires extreme importance: The fisherman caught a fish.

General classification of the parts of speech. Notional and structural parts of speech.

According to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions, words fall under certain classes called parts of speech.

We distinguish between notional and structural parts of speech. The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in the sentence: the functions of subject, predicate, attribute, object, or adverbial modifier.

The notional parts of speech are:

1. the pronoun;

2. the noun;

3. the adjective;

4. the numeral;

5. the verb;

6. the adverb;

7. the words of the category of state;

8. the modal words;

9. the interjection.

The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform any independent function in the sentence. Here belong:

1. the preposition;

2. the conjunction;

3. the particle;

4. the article.

Тheme І.2. The pronoun

The pronoun is a part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them.

Classification of pronouns.

Pronouns fall under the following groups:

1. personal pronouns: I, he, she, it, we, you, they.

2. possessive pronouns: my, his, her, its, our, your, their, mine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

3. reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourself (yourselves), themselves.

4. reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another.

5. demonstrative pronouns: this (these), that (those), such, (the) same.

6. interrogative pronouns: who, whose, what, which.

7. relative pronouns: who, whose, which, that, as.

8. conjunctive pronouns: who, whose, which, what.

9. defining pronouns: each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another.

10. indefinite pronouns: some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone, one.

11. negative pronouns: no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing.

Personal pronouns.

The personal pronouns are: I, he, she, it, we, you, they. The personal pronouns have the grammatical categories of person, number and (in the third person singular) gender.

The personal pronouns have two cases: the nominative case and the objective case.

case number	nominative	objective
singular	I he she it	me him her it
plural	we you they	us you them

! Note: We use objective pronouns after “to be”, “than” and in answer to question “Who?”

e.g. Who is it? – It’s me.

He is taller than me.

The pronouns оf the third person he, she, it distinguish gender. Male beings (man, father, uncle, boy, etc.) are referred to as he; female beings (woman, mother, aunt, girl, etc.) are referred to as she; inanimate things (house, tree, cap, etc.) are referred to as it.

! Note: We use it for things, to refer to animals, a baby or a child. We use he, she when we refer to pets, ships, cars, motorbikes, a country if a reference is “affectionate”:

e. g. Roger is a good dog. He is my friend.

My old car is not fast, but she does 50 ml to the gallon.

! In literary style he is associated with words indicating strong forces, violent passions, actions, big heavenly bodies (wind, fear, love, anger, despair, sun); and she is associated with gentler forces, feelings, smaller heavenly bodies (hope, mercy, justice, modesty, moon)

Possessive pronouns.

Possessive pronouns have two forms: the dependent (or conjoint) form and the independent (or absolute)

number	Dependent (conjoint) form	Independent (absolute) form
singular	my his her its	mine his hers –
plural	our your their	ours yours theirs

The conjointform is used when the possessive pronoun comes before the noun it modifies. The absolute form is used when the possessive pronoun does not modify any noun.

e. g. He is my friend. – He is a friend of mine.

! Possessive pronouns are often used before the names of the parts of the body, clothing, things belonging to a person, etc. In that case they are not translated into Russian.

e.g. He always puts his hands into his pockets. – У него всегда руки в карманах.

Reflexive pronouns.

Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of the sentence in which they are used, indicating that the action performed by the doer passes back to him or is associated with him.

number person	singular	plural
1^st	myself,	ourselves
2^nd	yourself	yourselves
3^rd	himself herself itself	themselves
! Note: We often use reflexive pronouns with such verbs as: amuse, blame, cut, dry, enjoy, hurt, introduce. e. g. I enjoyed myself very much at the party. We amused ourselves playing football. Jim prides himself on his cooking. ! We can use reflexive pronouns after prepositions. e. g. Look after yourself. Take care of yourself. She lives by herself. – She lives on her own. ! We don’t use reflexive pronouns after feel, relax, concentrate, wash, dress, shave, behave. e. g. I feel great. You must try and concentrate. I got up, washed, shaved and dressed quickly. BUT: Wash/dress/shave yourself! – Умойся/оденься/побрейся! Behave yourself! – Веди себя прилично! ! Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used emphatically. e. g. He himself disliked the idea. He himself was idle.

Reciprocal pronouns.

each other and one another

Reciprocal pronouns express mutual action or relation. The subject to which they refer must always be in the plural.

e. g. They loved each other.

Reciprocal pronouns have two case forms:

e. g. They looked at each other. They stamped on each other’s feet.

§ 5. Demonstrative pronouns.(this, that, such, the same)

The demonstrative pronouns this and that have two numbers:

Singular plural

This these

thatthose

This is used to point at what is nearer in time or space; that points at what is farther away in time or space. Both this and that may be applied both to persons and things.

e. g. I like that fellow.

I like that house.

The pronoun same is always used with the definite article.

e. g. We were in the same class.

The demonstrative pronoun that (those) maybe used as a word-substitute.

e. g. An expression like thatof a cat.

The features were certainly thoseof a Forsyte.

§ 6. Interrogative pronouns.(who, whose, what, which)

Interrogative pronouns are used in inquiry, to form special questions.

The interrogative pronoun who has the category of case: the nominative case is who, the objective case is whom.

Who refers to human beings (Who was that?), what usually refers to things (What are you looking at?), which has a selective meaning (который из) (Which would you like?).

! Who is he? – This question inquires about the name of a person.

What is he? – about the occupation of the person.

Which is he? – about some particular person out of the group.

Relative pronouns.

Relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as) not only point back to a noun or a pronoun mentioned before but also have conjunctive power. They introduce attributive causes.

e. g. On one side was a low wall that separated it from the street.

He who had always hated rows almost welcomed the thought of one now.

Here was her own style – a bed which did not look like one.

Conjunctive pronouns.

Conjunctive pronouns (who, what, whose, which) not only point back to a noun or a pronoun mentioned before but also have conjunctive power. They introduce subordinate clauses (subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses).

e. g. I don’t want to hear what you’ve come for.

That’s exactly what you’ve got.

Defining pronouns.

The defining pronouns are: all, each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, either, both, other, another.

Allis a generalizing pronoun, it takes a group of things or persons as a whole.

e. g. When all is said and done .

He just loved me, that is all.

And Martin forgot allabout it.

! We use all with uncountable nouns:

e. g. He spends all his free time in the library.

I’ve got all the information.

! We use all in the expression all about.