From the History of Football
Task 1. Fill in the gaps in the text choosing the correct answers given below.
Football is a very old sport, but it was no laughing matter in the early days. Two villages _1_ to kick a ball made from a pig's intestine to a goal. The goals were things like trees or buildings and could be _2_ five miles apart. The game, which was sometimes extremely violent, could _3_ from sunrise to sunset. A more controlled form of the game began to be played in England's public schools in the early nineteenth century. Each school played a different _4_ of the game and the rules varied widely.
In 1863 a Football Association was established and the members met to decide on the rules. It took five meetings before they could all _5_.
1. a) laughed b) battled c) mattered d) had
2. a) like b) as much c) much as d) as much as
3. a) go on b) make for c) do with d) give up
4. a) version b) fashion c) copy d) issue
5. a) meet b) disagree c) argue d) agree
Task 2. Choose the best answer to each question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the text.
1. Which of the following is not true?
a) Football of the early days was a different game from the one people play now.
b) Football was known in England as far back as in the beginning of the nineteenth century.
c) In the early days of football villages competed to win a game.
d) Nobody was allowed to laugh at football matches in the early days of the game: it was no laughing matter.
2. It can be concluded from the text that in the early nineteenth century football was played in England:
a) in public to have publicity.
b) in private schools.
c) and controlled by schools.
d) over more and more control.
3. How was football played before 1863?
a) There were no fixed rules universally recognized.
b) There were no rules to follow.
c) It was controlled strictly.
d) It was wide and varied.
4. When were the rules of football first officially fixed?
a) in the nineteenth century.
b) more than two centuries ago.
c) in the twentieth century.
d) At the dawn of civilization.
5. The word violent means:
a) powerful.
b) starving, suffering from hunger.
c) using, showing, accompanied by force.
d) looking forward to doing something.
Part 3.
Word skills development.
Activate your vocabulary!
University education.
Task 1. Read the following “vocabulary” text and study the words in bold type. Be ready to write a vocabulary dictation.
A. Subjects.
You can normally do (=study) these subjects at university but not always at school:
medicine law philosophy engineering business studies history of art
psychology sociology architecture politics agriculture
B. Studying at university.
If you want to go to (= enter)university, you must first pass examinations that most students takeat the age of eighteen (called 'A', that is advanced, levels). Most students take three 'A' levels (three examinations in three different subjects) and they must do well in order to get (=obtain)a place at university because the places are limited. At the moment, approximately 30% of young adults go to university in Britain.
If you get a place at university, the tuition (= teaching) is free, and some students also get (= receive) a grant, that is money to pay for living expenses, e.g. food and accommodation as well. Students at university are called undergraduates while they are studying for their first degree.
Most university courses last(= go on for / continue for) three years, some courses last four years, and one or two courses, e.g. medicine, may be even longer. During this period students can say that they are doing/studying history, or doing / studying for a degree in history, for example. When they finish the course and pass their examinations, they receive adegree (the qualification when you complete a university course successfully). This can be a BA (= Bachelor of Arts) or a BSc(= Bachelor of Science), e.g. I have a friend who has a BA in history, and another who has a BSc in chemistry.
C. Postgraduate courses.
When you complete your first degree, you are a graduate. In the US, students also use this word as a verb and say, they 'graduated in history' or 'graduated in chemistry', for example. Some students then go on to do a second course or degree (postgraduate course / postgraduate degree). These students are then postgraduates. There are usually three possible degrees:
MA (Master of Arts) or MSc (Master of Science); usually one year
MPhil (Master of Philosophy); usually two years
PhD (Doctor of Philosophy); at least three years
When people study one subject in great detail often to find new information, we say they are conducting / doing / carrying out research into1/on2.
1to carry out a research into means to study the subject in details
2to carry out a research on means to study the subject in general
e.g. I'm doing some researchon chemistry.
My group mate is carrying out a research into bacterial fermentation.
D. School vs. university.
At school, you have teachers and lessons, at university, you have lecturers and lectures. When a lecturer gives/does a lecture, the students listenandtake/make notes, that is write down the important information, but do not usually say much, except to ask occasional questions.
Task 2. Read these sentences spoken by university students. What is each person studying?
1. We have to know every bone in a person's body.
2. I'm concentrating on the modernist style and the work of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.
3. The way we use fertilizers is much more precise than twenty years ago.
4. We're going to concentrate on Freud and Jung this term.
5. I've been reading some books on time management.
6. Expressionism was really a reaction to the work of the Impressionists.
7. We 've spent a lot of time on American foreign policy and how it has been affected by various domestic problems.
8. You must know this case - it's one of the most famous in legal history.
Task 3. What do you call:
1. the money some students receive if they get a place at university?
2. the qualification you get at the end of university?
3. the name we give students during this period at university?
4. teachers at university?
5. students when they have completed their first degree?
6. students studying for a second degree?
7. the study of one subject in great depth and detail, often to get new information?
8. the talks that students go to while they are at university?
Task 4. Replace the underlined verbs with different verbs that have the same meaning in the context.
1. Who is giving the lecture today?
2. Did she receive a grant for her course?
3. Is it more difficult to obtain a place at university?
4. You have to pass the exams before you can enter university.
5.He's studying physics, I think.
6. I think they're carrying out some research into the cause of asthma.
7. I didn't take any notes in the lecture yesterday.
8.The course goes on for three years.
Task 5. How similar is university education in your own country? Answer these questions.
1. Do you need to pass examinations before you can go to university?
2. Do some students get a grant to study at university?
3. Is the tuition free if you go to university?
4. Do most students go to university at the age of 18 or 19?
5. Do more students go to university in your country than in Britain?
6. Do most degree courses last three years?
7. What is your equivalent of the British BA or BSc?
8. Do you have similar postgraduate degrees in your country?
Task 6. Look at the different types of educational establishments below. Match
them to the sort of person who might attend them:
| Educational establishments | Type of person |
| 1. A primary school for infants and juniors 2. A nursery school 3. A further education college offering evening classes 4. A university 5. A public school | a) A five-year-old and a nine-year-old b)A thirty-six-year old office worker who wants to get better at computer skills c) A twenty-year-old who wants to be a doctor d) A fifteen-year-old whose parents want to pay for his/her education e) A three-year-old |
Task 7. Match the words from the right with their definitions from the left.
| a. study really hard b. get a degree c. a one-to-one talk d. government money to help you pay for the course e. not go to school, even though you’re not ill | graduate tutorial grant play truant cram |
Task 8. Look at the phrases below. Which phrases would you expect to find mentioned in school, which in a university, and which in both? Fill in the table.
play truant take an exam get a grant cram for end-of-term exams graduate with honours in Chemistry have a weekly tutorial do homework attend a lecture
pay attention to give a seminar on take a degree take the register
| school | university | both |
Enrolment.
Task 1. Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the passage below.
| amount course graduation outlines requirements | calendar credits major prospectus technical | class hours curriculum number specified three | college electives opportunity subjects week | selecting |
Selecting courses.
The courses given by a … or university are called its curriculum. The … of the institution … the complete … . It gives the … for entry to each course, as well as the credits given for the … .
Each course is designated as giving a … number of credits. These are usually equal to the number of … devoted each week to the course. For example, a course that meets three
times a … usually gives … credits towards graduation. Schools using the semester … require about 120 credits for … Between 30 and 40 of the required … must be in the student's … subject.
Schools vary considerably in the … of freedom given students in … their courses. Almost all schools have a certain … of required … . Students can also usually choose nonrequired courses called … . Liberal-arts colleges usually give students more … to choose than do … schools.
Students and teachers.
Task 1. Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the passage below.
| authority classes degree located special women | bachelor's co-educational freshmen school students year | bodies co-ordinate graduates separate undergraduates | campuses courses junior sex university |
Students.
The student body of a … or college is divided into ... and undergraduates. Graduates have already received their ... degrees, while ... have not. The undergraduates belong to one of four ... , according to their ... of study. These are ... , sophomore, ... , and
senior classes. Most schools also admit ... students who take a number of ... , but are not
working towards a ... .
Students ... vary considerably from ... to school. Some institutions are ... , with both men and ... students. Others admit ... of only one ... .
A ... institution has ... men's and women's colleges. They are controlled by the same central ... and are usually ... on the same campus or nearby ... .
Task 2. Match the words for people in education with the correct definition.
| 1. apprentice 2. cadet 3. coach 4. dean 5. discipline 6. headmistress 7. instructor 8. lecturer 9. trainee 10. principle 11. professor 12. pupil 13. student | a) female teacher in charge of a school b) person who trains sportsmen for contests or prepares private students for an exam c) highest grade of university teacher d) the lowest teaching rank at a university e) person in charge of a division of study f) person who teaches you driving g) the head of some universities and schools h) a person studying to become an officer in the army or a policeman i) someone learning a trade who works in return for being taught j) person undergoing some form of vocational training k) anyone devoted to the acquisition of knowledge, especially attending university 1) attends primary school m) follower of a religious teacher |
Task 3. Use each verb, at least once, in the correct form to complete the following.
guide instruct learn lecture teach train
1. Animals are often ... by their instinct as to what is the right thing to do in a difficult situation.
2. German shepherd [′Ðepəd] dogs (немецкие овчарки) are sometimes ... to ... the blind.
3. Prof. Wise ... on British history twice a week. He has already ... us a lot. We ... from him how to read and evaluate original documents.