ГлаголTOBEв настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени
Глагол tobe переводится на русский язык глаголом быть, являться, находиться. Он является эквивалентом глагола «есть», который утратил своё значение и упускается в русском языке. Например:
Thisisadetectivestory. – Это (есть) детективный роман.
Глагол tobeявляется супплетивным глаголом. Это означает, что при спряжении глагола в настоящем времени различные лица образуются от разных основ (табл. 1).
Глагол tobeтакже является самостоятельным глаголом. Это означает, что для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм не используются никакие вспомогательные глаголы. Чтобы образовать общий вопрос, следует поставить глагол tobeперед подлежащим или слева от подлежащего (табл. 1).
Для образования специального вопроса следует поставить вопросительное слово перед глаголом tobe. Например: Whatishe?
В отрицательной форме порядок слов такой же как и в утвердительной. Для образования отрицательной формы следует поставить отрицательную частицу notнепосредственно после глагола tobe.
Таблица 1 – Глагол TOBEв простом настоящем времени (PresentSimple).
| + | - | ? |
| I am a student. | I amnot a student. | AmI a student? |
| You are a student. | You arenot a student. | Areyou a student? |
| He is a student. | He is not a student. | Ishe a student? |
| It is a student. | It isnot a student. | Is ita student? |
| She is a student. | She isnot a student. | Is she a student? |
| We are students. | We arenot students. | Are we students? |
| You are students. | You arenot students. | Are you students? |
| They are students. | They are not students. | Are theystudents? |
Таблица 2 – Глагол TOBEв простом прошедшем времени (PastSimple).
| + | - | ? |
| I was a lovely child. | I was not a naughty child. | Was I a lovely child? |
| He was a lovely child. | He was not a naughty child. | Was he a lovely child? |
| She was a lovely child. | She was not a naughty child. | Was she a lovely child? |
| It was a lovely day. | It was not a gloomy day. | Was it a lovely day? |
| We were lovely children. | We were not naughty kids. | Were we lovely children? |
| You were lovely children. | You were not naughty kids | Were you lovely children? |
| They were lovely children. | They were not naughty kids. | Were they lovely children? |
Таблица 3 – Глагол TOBEв простом будущем времени (FutureSimple).
| + | - | ? |
| I will be all right. | I will not be bad. | Will I be all right? |
| You will be all right. | You will not be bad. | Will you beall right? |
| He will be all right. | He will not be bad. | Will he be all right? |
| She will be all right. | She will notbe bad. | Will she be all right? |
| It will be all right. | It will not be bad. | Will it be all right? |
| We will be all right. | We will not be bad. | Will we be all right? |
| You will be all right. | You will not be bad. | Will you be all right? |
| They will be all right. | They will not be bad. | Will they be all right? |
7.ВВОДЯЩИЙОБОРОТTHERE IS… THERE ARE…
There is –имеется, ед.ч.
There is a book on the shelf.
There are – имеются, мн.ч.
There are some students in the hall.
Вопросительнаяформа
Is there…? Are there?
Is there a (book) …?
Are there any (books) …?
Отрицательнаяформа
- There isnot a (book) …
There are not any (books) …
There is no book …
There are no books …
3. Предложениесоборотомthereis… thereare… следует переводить с конца, с обстоятельства места.
There are some apple-trees in the garden.
4.Не следует путать вводяoее слово there, которое не переводится на русский язык и обстоятельство место there (там) в конце предложения.
There are some cars there.
5. При перечислении употребляется связка is:
There is a book, a copy-book, a pen and a pencil on the desk.
6. Оборот в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени.
Вопросительнаяформа
Was there…? Were there?
Was there a (book) …?
Were there any (books) …?
Отрицательнаяформа
- There wasnot a (book) …
There were not any (books) …
There was no book …
There were no books …
8. THE VERBTO HAVE INPRESENT SIMPLE
ГЛАГОЛ TOHAVEВ НАСТОЯЩЕМ ВРЕМЕНИ
| Утвердительнаяформа I(we, you, they) have He (she, it) has | Вопросительная форма Классический вариант Haveyou (we, they, I) apet? Has he (she, it) a pet? Современный вариант (запоминаем его!) Doyou (we, they, I) have …? Does he (she, it) have …? Если глагол havegot, то: Have you (we, they) got a pet? Has she (he, it) got a pet? |
Отрицательная форма
Классический вариант
| I(we, you, they) havenopet. He (she, it) has nopet. | I(we, you, they) havenota pet. He (she, it) has notapet. |
Современныйвариант (запоминаемего!)
I(we, you, they) don’t have a pet.
He (she, it) doesn’t have a pet.
Если глагол havegot, то:
I(we, you, they) haven’t got a pet.
He (she, it) hasn’t got a pet.
9. THE MAIN TYPES OF QUESTIONS
ОСНОВНЫЕТИПЫВОПРОСОВ
| Типывопроса | Вопрос | Ответ |
| Общийвопрос | Do you work? Is she reading? | Yes, I do. / No. I don’t Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t |
| Специальный вопрос | Where do you work? What is she reading? Who knows this story? | I work at а plant. She is reading a book. He (does). |
| Разделительный вопрос | You work much, don’t you? She can’t sing, can she? | Yes, I do. / No, I don’t Yes, she can. / No, she can’t. |
| Альтернативный вопрос | ( have you) Have you a flat or a room? ( does he know) Does he know French or English? | I have a flat. He knows English. |