Неопределенные местоимения one и it
| One – формальное подлежащее в неопре-деленно-личных предло-жениях. One в функции под-лежащего в предложе-нии со сказуемым, в состав которого входит модальный глагол. One в форме притяжа-тельного падежа переводится местоимениями свой, своя, свое. One (ones) – заменитель ранее упомянутого существительного во избежание его повторения. It (личное местоимение) – подлежащее, заменяет ранее упомянутое неоду-шевленное существитель-ное. It – формальное подлежащее в безличном предложении. It – дополнение (заме-няет неодушевленное существительное). It (усилительное) употребляется в составе эмфатической конструкции, выделяет любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. | One never knows what he can do. One must go in for sport. One mustn't do it. One can't get this book anywhere. One should be careful when crossing the street. One may work in the laboratory every day. One should always keep one's word. This book is more interesting than that one. Where is my bag? It is on the table. It is winter. It is five o'clock. It was clear that something had happened. Here is a picture. Look at it. It was in the street that I saw him. | Никогда не знаешь, что он может сделать. Нужно (необходимо) заниматься спортом. Этого делать нельзя. Нигде невозможно достать эту книгу. Переходя улицу, нужно быть внимательным. В этой лаборатории можно работать каждый день. Надо всегда держать свое слово. Эта книга более интересная, чем та. Где моя сумка? Она на столе. Зима. 5 часов. Было ясно, что что-то случилось. Вот картина. Посмотрите на нее. Я видел его именно на улице |
Self-correcting Exercises
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.
| 1. It is a pencil. 2. It is this article that I want to refer to. 3. It was he who came first. 4. The flat is not large but it is cosy. 5. It is raining heavily. 6. It is important to answer this letter. 7. One must be careful while crossing the street. 8. I saw this picture, show me another one. 9. This text is easier than that one. 10. Bring me the book. Which one? | Это карандаш. Я хочу сослаться именно на эту статью. Именно он пришел первым. Квартира не большая, но уютная. Идет сильный дождь. Важно ответить на это письмо. Надо быть осторожным, переходя улицу. Я видел эту картину, покажи мне другую. Этот текст легче, чем тот. Принеси мне книгу. Которую? |
Exercise 2. Translate into English.
| 1. Это смешной короткий рассказ. Он интересный? – Да. 2. Необходимо повторить весь грамматический материал. 3. Именно моя сестра рассказала мне об этом. 4. Не надевайте старые ботинки, наденьте новые. 5. Тот, кто учит, называется учителем. 6. Нужно знать свой долг. | It's a funny short story. Is it interesting? – Yes, it is. It is necessary to revise all grammar material. It was my sister who told me about it. Don't put on old shoes, put on new ones. One who teaches is called a teacher. One must know one's duty. |
Self-training Exercises
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.
1. There was a new film on TV. It was very interesting. 2. Could you give me the book on Kant? It is on the shelf. 3. It was because of the weather, that we stayed at home. 4. We use a new method. It is more effective than the old one. 5. It often rains in autumn. 6. It is necessary to go there at once. 7. I work as a teacher. It is very interesting. 8. We were given a new text. It was more difficult than the previous one. 9. He is the best student of the group.
Exercise 2. Translate into English. Mind the use of the word one.
1. У меня только один брат. 2. Он единственный, кто может это сделать. 3. Один из них – поэт. 4. Эта книга интереснее, чем та. 5. Необходимо больше читать. 6. В этом магазине можно купить все необходимое. 7. Известно, что Аляска принадлежала России. 8. Есть два учебника. Какой из них вы предпочтете? 9. Можно сказать, что все любят кино.
Лексико-грамматический тест
Exercise 1.Write new sentences using the structures (a friend of mine etc.).
| 1.I am writing to one of my friends. | I am ……………… |
| 2.We met one of your relations. | We met a ..............….. |
| 3. Henry borrowed one of my books. | Henry .......... |
| 4. Ann invited some of her friends to her flat. | Ann................... |
| 5. We had dinner with one of our neighbours. | We had……….. |
| 6. I went on holiday with two of my friend. | I went…………. |
| 7. Is that man one of your friends? | Is that………… |
| 8. I met one of Jane's friends at the party. | I met…………. |
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using my own / your own etc. + one of the following.
| business ideas money private jet parliament feet television | |||
| 1 I don't want to share a room. | I want…… | ||
| 2 I don't watch television with the rest of the family. | I've got....in my room. | ||
| 3 Sue doesn't need to borrow from me. | She's got............….. | ||
| 4 Julia is fed up with working for other people. | She wants to start....…. | ||
| 5 Henry is extremely rich. | He's got............... | ||
| 6 You can give him advice but he won't listen. | He's got............ | ||
| 7 The Isle of Man is an island off the coast of Britain. | It is not completely independent but it has......... | ||
Exercise 3. Put in myself/yourself/ourselves etc. or me/you/us etc.
1. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed .……… .
2. It's not my fault. You can't blame ......................................
3. What I did was very wrong. I'm ashamed of......................................
4. We've got a problem. I hope you can help ......................................
5. Can I take another biscuit?' 'Of course. Help .....................................!'
6. Take some money with ..................................... in case you need it.
7. Don't worry about Tom and me. We can look after ......................................
8. I gave them a key to our house so that they could let................................... in.
9. When they come to visit us, they always bring their dog with ......................................
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with -selves or each other.
1. How long have you and Bill known .……………?
2. If people work too hard, they can make ................................................... ill.
3. I need you and you need me. We need ....................................................
4. In Britain friends often give ............................................ presents at Christmas.
5. Some people are very selfish. They only think of...............................................
6. Nora and I don't see ................................................... very often these days.
7. We couldn't get back into the house. We had locked .................................. out.
8. They've had an argument. They're not speaking to .......................at the moment.
9. We'd never met before, so we introduced................. to ....................................
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences with some or any.
1. We didn't buy .…….. lowers.
2. This evening I'm going out with ................................ friends of mine.
3. 'Have you seen ………good films recently?' 'No, I haven't been to the cinema for ages.'
4. I didn't have................................money, so I had to borrow.............................
5. Can I have ................................ milk in my coffee, please?
6. I was too tired to do ................................ work.
7. You can cash these traveller's cheques at................................ bank.
8. Can you give me ..................... information about places of interest in the town?
9. With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel on .................... train you like.
10. If there are ............................... words you don't understand, use a dictionary.
Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with some- or any- + -body/-thing/-where.
1. I was too surprised to say .....……………..
2. There's ................................ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
3. Does ................................ mind if I open the window?
4. I wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat.................................
5. You must be hungry. Would you like ................................ to eat?
6. Quick, let's go! There's ............... coming and I don't want............ to see us.
7. Sally was upset about...........................and refused to talk to ..........................
8. This machine is very easy to use. ...........can learn to use it in a very short time.
9. There was hardly ................................ on the beach. It was almost deserted.
10. 'Do you live .......................... near Jim?' 'No, he lives in another part of town.'
11. We slept in a park because we didn't have ................................ to stay.
12. 'Where shall we go on holiday?' 'Let's go ........................... warm and sunny.'
13. They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go .................................
14. I'm going out now. If....... phones while I'm out, can you tell them I'll be back at 11.30?
15. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost................................?
16. ................................ who saw the accident should contact the police.
17. Sue is very secretive. She never tells ....................... ...................... (2 words).
Exercise 7. Complete these sentences with no, none or any.
1. It was a public holiday, so there were ...…... shops open.
2. I haven't got …...., money. Can you lend me some?
3. I couldn't make an omelette because there were ................................ eggs.
4. I couldn't make an omelette because there weren't................................ eggs.
5. 'How many eggs have we got?' '............I'll go and buy some from the shop if you like.'
6. We took a few photographs but................................ of them were very good.
7. What a stupid thing to do! .......…...... intelligent person would do such a thing.
8. I'll try and answer ................................ questions you ask me.
9. I couldn't answer ................................ of the questions they asked me.
10. We cancelled the party because ……………of the people we invited were able to come.
Exercise 8. Put in much, many, few or little.
1. He isn't very popular. He has ...... friends.
2. Ann is very busy these days. She has ................................ free time.
3. Did you take ................................ photographs when you were on holiday?
4. I'm not very busy today. I haven't got ................................ to do.
5. The museum was very crowded. There were too ................................ people.
6. Most of the town is modern. There are ................................ old buildings.
7. The weather has been very dry recently. We've had ................................ rain.
Exercise 9. Put in little / a little / few / a few.
1. We must be quick. We have …. time.
2. Listen carefully. I'm going to give you ................................ advice.
3. Do you mind if I ask you ................................ questions?
4. This town is not a very interesting place to visit, so ............tourists come here.
5. I don't think Jill would be a good teacher. She's got .......................... patience.
6. Would you like milk in your coffee?' 'Yes, please. .................................'
7. This is a very boring place to live. There's ................................ to do.
8. 'Have you ever been to Paris?' 'Yes, I've been there ........................... times.'
Exercise 10. Put in of where necessary. Leave an empty space (-) if the sentence is already complete.
| 1. All ....... cars have wheels. | 6. Many ..... people watch too much TV. |
| 2. None .......this money is mine. | 7. Are any ........…those letters for me? |
| 3. Some..... people get angry very easily. | 8. Most……..days I get up before 7 o'clock. |
| 4. Some............... the people I met at the party were very interesting. | 9. Jim thinks that all......... museums are boring. |
| 5. I have lived in London most....my life. |
Exercise 11. Complete the sentences with both/neither/either.
1. "Do you want tea or coffee?" "....... I really don't mind."
2. "What day is it today - the 18th or the 19th?" "............................ It's the 20th."
3. "There are two sandwiches here. Do you mind which I take?" "No, take ........."
4. A: Where did you go for your holidays - Scotland or Ireland?
B: We went to ................................ A week in Scotland and a week in Ireland.
5. "When shall I phone you, morning or afternoon?" "............... I'll be in all day."
6. "Where's Kate? Is she at work or at home?" ".............. She's away on holiday."
Exercise 12. Write sentences with both...and... / neither...nor... / either...or... .
1. Tom was late. So was Ann. ......………………
2. She didn't write and she didn't phone. .........………
3. Jim is on holiday and so is Carol...............................
4. George doesn't smoke and he doesn't drink. ..................................
5. Jim hasn't got a car. Carol hasn't got a car either. ..................................
6. It was a very boring film. It was very long too. The film ........................
7. Is that man's name Richard? Or is it Robert? It's one of the two. That man's name ..........................................
8. I haven't got time to go on holiday. And I haven't got the money. I've got.........
9. We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow – whichever you prefer. We…………….
Exercise 13. Complete these sentences with all, everything or everybody/everyone.
1. It was a good party. …………….enjoyed it.
2. ………….I've eaten today is a sandwich.
3. ....................... has got their faults. Nobody is perfect.
4. Nothing has changed. ................................ is the same as it was.
5. Margaret told me ...................... about her new job. It sounds quite interesting.
6. Can ................................ write their names on a piece of paper, please?
7. Why are you always thinking about money? Money isn't .................................
8. I didn't have much money with me. ............................... I had was ten pounds.
9. When the fire alarm rang, ................................ left the building immediately.
10. She didn't say where she was going. ............................... she said was that she was going away.
11. We have completely different opinions. I disagree with ..................... she says.
12. We all did well in the examination. ................................ in our class passed.
13. We all did well in the examination. ................................ of us passed.
14. Why are you so lazy? Why do you expect me to do .......................... for you?
Exercise 14. Complete these sentences using every with one of the following:
five minutes ten minutes four hours six months four years
1. The bus service is very good. There's a bus .…..………...
2. Tom is ill. He has some medicine. He has to take it..........................................
3. The Olympic Games take place .............................................
4. We live near a busy airport. A plane flies over our house ..................................
5. It's a good idea to have a check-up with the dentist ..........................................
Exercise 15. Put in each or every.
1. There were four books on the table. ..………. book was a different colour.
2. The Olympic Games are held ....... four years.
3. ................................ parent worries about their children.
4. In a game of tennis there are two or four players. ............... player has a racket.
5. Nicola plays volleyball................................ Thursday evening.
6. I understood most of what they said but not................................ word.
7. The book is divided into five parts and ........... of these has three sections.
8. I get paid ................................ four weeks.
9. We had a great weekend. I enjoyed ................................ minute of it.
10. I tried to phone her two or three times, but.................. time there was no reply.
11. Car seat belts save lives. ................................ driver should wear one.
12. (from an examination paper) Answer all five questions. Begin your answer to ................................ question on a separate sheet of paper.
| ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ | ||||||
| 1. Простые | good, bad, long, large, easy | |||||
| 2. Производные | с суффиксами: -ful -less -able -ous -y -ly -ish –en | beautiful useless comfortable famous lucky lovely reddish golden | с префиксами: un- in- im- ir- | untrue insincere impossible irrelevant | ||
| 3. Составные | snow-white, dark-blue | |||||
| Степени сравнения | ||||||
| положительная | сравнительная | превосходная | ||||
| Односложные | long large easy | longer larger easier | the longest the largest the easiest | |||
| Многосложные | beautiful impossible | more beautiful more impossible | the most beautiful the most impossible | |||
| Исключения | good bad little many (much ) far | better worse less more farther (further) | the best the worst the least the most t the farthest (furthest) | |||
| Сравнительные конструкции | ||||||
| than | The result of the experiment is much better than that of the previous one. результат этого эксперимента – намного лучше , чем предыдущего. | |||||
| as ... as | This boy is as tall as my brother. Этот мальчик такой же высокий, как мой брат. | |||||
| not so ... as (not as ... as) | This room is not so light as that one. Эта комната не такая светлая, как та. | |||||
| the (more) ... the (less) | The earlier we leave, the sooner we'll arrive. Чем раньше мы отправимся, тем скорее приедем. | |||||
| Употребление | ||||||
| 1. Определение | They live in the new house. | |||||
| 2. Часть сказуемого | My house is new. | |||||
| Перевод: прилагательными | ||||||
| НАРЕЧИЯ | |
| 1. Простые | well, much, very, often |
| 2. Производные | partly, quickly, hardly |
| 3. Составные | sometimes, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, since then, so far |
| 4. Совпадающие по форме: с прилагательными предлогами союзами | fast, hard, late He is working fast. It is a fast train. after, before, since I haven't seen him since. I haven't seen him since that day. since, when, where, but I haven't seen him since. I haven't seen him since he went there. |
| Степени сравнения | ||||
| положительная | сравнительная | превосходная | ||
| Односложные | fast late early | faster later earlier | fastest latest earliest | |
| Многосложные | slowly beautifully | more slowly more beautifully | most slowly most beautifully | |
| Исключения | well badly little much far | better worse less more farther (further) | best worst least most farthest (furthest) | |
| Употребление | ||||
| Обстоятельства определяют: глагол, прилагательное, наречие | He is working fast. He is a very good speaker. He speaks English very well. | |||
| Служат вопросительными словами | Where do you work? | |||
| Вводят придаточные: 1) определительные, 2) подлежащие, 3) сказуемые, 4) дополнительные | Here is the house where he lives. How I should do it is not known. The question is how I should do it. I don't know how I should do it. | |||
| Перевод: наречиями | ||||
Self-correcting Exercises
Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences.
| 1. The Baltic Sea is colder than the Black Sea. 2. This book is as interesting as that one. 3. The second text is not so long as the first one. 4. The more we speak English the better. 5. The earlier you get up the more you can do. | Балтийское море холоднее Черного. Эта книга такая же интересная, как та. Второй текст не такой длинный, как первый. Чем больше мы говорим по-английски, тем лучше. Чем раньше вы встанете, тем больше сможете сделать. |
Exercise 2. Write down the missing form of the adjectives and adverbs.
| good famous rich … strong … … quick | … more famous richer more … earlier nicer quicker | the best … … the most the strongest the earliest the nicest … | Key: better the most famous the richest many, much stronger early nice the quickest |
Self-training Exercises
Exercises 1. Use the necessary form of the adjective or adverb.
1. The Mississippi is (long) river in the world. 2. My cigarettes are (bad) than yours. 3. The battle of Waterloo was the (great) battle of all times. 4. This plan is (practical) of all. 5. She is not so (tall) as her sister. 6. He is (strong) than his brother. 7. Our house is as (low) as yours. 8. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucasian mountains. 9. The Neva is (wide) and (deep) than the Moskva river. 10. This method is (efficient) than the common one. 11. October is (cold) than June.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
1. Are the cities in Scotland as large as the cities in England? 2. Is the Volga longer than the Don? 3. Which is the shortest month of the year? 4. Which is the biggest city in Great Britain? 5. Which is the most beautiful square in Minsk? 6. Which season is the coldest? 7. Where is it better to spend a holiday: in the South or in the North? 8. Where is it better to live: in the city or in the countryside?
Exercise 3. Translate into English.
1. В прошлом году я тратил на английский язык меньше времени, чем в этом. 2. Ваш доклад был гораздо интереснее. 3. Это крайне важный вопрос. 4. Он тратит большую часть своих денег на книги. 5. Большинство людей любят фрукты. 6. Эта улица самая широкая в городе. 7. Это самая мощная электростанция. 8. Вчера был более трудный день. 9. Эта книга значительно интереснее, чем та. 10. Ваша сестра старше Вас? – Нет, моложе. 11. Ты много читаешь? – Нет, я читаю мало, гораздо меньше тебя. 12. Чем длиннее ночь, тем короче день.
Лексико-грамматический тест
Exercise 1. Put one suitable word in each space.
a) My brother is two years older ...... me.
b) The train takes just............. long as the bus.
c) I've never tasted such delicious apples............. these.
d) I thought the second hotel we stayed in was............. more friendly.
e) Unfortunately we are............. well-off than we used to be.
f) Marion doesn't feel so happy there............. she did at first.
g) Do you think you could make a............. less noise?
h) These exercises seem to be getting harder and..............
i) Jean doesn't need as much help as Harry..............
j) David didn't enjoy the match as much as I..............
Exercise 2. Rewrite each sentence so that the meaning stays the same.
| a) Jill can run faster than Peter. | Peter…………………….. |
| b) I thought this journey would last longer than it did. | This journey didn't ............ |
| c) I didn't arrive as early as I expected. | I arrived ....................…… |
| d) You are working too slowly. | You'll have to .............….. |
| e) I have a brother who is older than me. | I have an.....................….. |
| f) Martin thought the second part of the film was more interesting. | Martin didn't think the first ...............………. |
| g) Paula's work is less careful than before. | Paula has been working .... |
| h) There aren't any trains earlier than this one. | This is .........................…. |
| i) All other pubs are further away. | This pub ...................…… |
| j) Is this the best price you can offer? | Can't you ......……… |
Exercise 3. Complete each sentence by choosing the most suitable word or phrase.
a) I really think that apologising is .....you can do.
A) not as much as B) a little C) the least D) as far as
b) I can't stand this weather. It's getting........
A) more and more b) worse and worse c) coldest and coldest D) further and further
c) Although Brenda came last, everyone agreed she had....... her best.
a) done b) made C) had d) got
d) I wish Charles worked as hard as Mary........
a) did B)can c)will D)does
e) The more you water this plant, the...... it will grow.
a) best B)tall c) wetter d) faster
f) From now on, we won't be able to go out as much as we.......
a) were B) had C) used to D) will
g) I've never owned....... independent cat as this one!
a) a more than b) such an C) a so D) as much as
h) Brian has been working........ since he was promoted.
a) much harder b) as harder c) just as hardly d) more hardly
i) I've been feeling........ tired lately, doctor.
A) such а в) the most c) more and more D)much
j) This exercise will give you........ practice.
A) farther B) much more c) as better D) a lot
Exercise 4. Put one suitable word in each space, beginning with the letter given.
a) Is William feeling any b...……today?
b) Everyone ate a lot, but Chris ate the m...............
c) What's the l.............. news about the situation in India?
d) I'd feel a lot h.............. if you let me help.
e) Graham has been sinking d.............. into debt lately.
f) It's 35 degrees today! It must be the h.............. day so far this year.
g) Only £45? Is that all? Oh well, it's b.............. than nothing.
h) He had to wait a f.............. two months before he got his promotion.
i) Ruth wore her b.............. dress to her sister's wedding.
j) Harry has got over the w.............. of his cold.
Exercise 5. Rewrite each sentence, so that the meaning stays the same.
| a) That's the best meal I've ever eaten. | I've never eaten a ......….. |
| b) Fish and meat are the same price in some countries. | Fish costs just...........….. |
| c) I've never enjoyed myself so much. | I've never had ...........….. |
| d) If you run a lot, you will get fitter. | The more ...............…… |
| e) The doctor can't see you earlier than Wednesday I'm afraid. | Wednesday is ...........….. |
| f) I must have a rest. I can't walk any more. | I must have a rest. I can't go…. |
| g) Home computers used to be much more expensive. | Home computers aren't …… |
| h) I don't know as much Italian as Sue does. | Sue knows ..................... |
| i) I thought that learning to drive would be difficult, but it isn't. | Learning to drive is ....…. |
| j) Barbara can skate just as well as John can. | John isn't ..................….. |
Exercise 6. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words.
| a) Your car was cheaper than mine. | cost | Your car …….. did. |
| b) I'm not as good at maths as you are. | better | You..................…. am. |
| c) Keith is slightly taller than Nigel. | little | Keith..........................Nigel. |
| d) Bill was growing angrier all the time. | and | Bill..............angrier. |
| e) Sally tried as hard as she could. | did | Sally...............................best. |
| f) I thought this film would be better | as | This film............... I expected. |
| g) This is the bumpiest road I've ever driven along! | such | I've never..................road. |
| h) When you eat a lot, you get fat. | more | The................... you get. |
| i) George said he couldn't do any better. | could | George said it.................. do. |
| j) This year's exam and last year's exam were equally difficult. | just | This year's exam……..ast year's exam. |
Exercise 7. Look carefully at each line. Some lines are correct, but some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space.
| Transport Solutions | |
| First of all, walking is obviously the cheapest | 1) |
| means of travelling, and can be the quicker | 2) |
| in a city centre. Of course, the further you have | 3) |
| to go, the more so tired you will become. | 4) |
| In some ways walking is more healthier than | 5) |
| travelling by bus or car, but it can be just as the | 6) |
| unhealthy because cities are the much more | 7) |
| polluted than they used to be. Cars are faster | 8) |
| of course and more than convenient, but as cities | 9) |
| become more of crowded, parking is getting | 10) |
| harder. Sometimes public transport is better, | 11) |
| even though buses don't go as fast as cars do it. | 12) |
| Cars are a lot more and convenient but as they | 13) |
| cause most pollution, it is the better to avoid | 14) |
| using them if possible. In a city the fastest way | 15) |
| of travelling is on a bike, which keeps you fitter | 16) |
| and is not so that noisy as a motorbike or a car. | 17) |
| ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ | |||||
| Количественные | |||||
| 1 – one 2 – two 3 – three 4 – four 5 – five 6 – six 7 – seven 8 – eight 9 – nine 10 – ten 101 – a (one) hundred and one 200 – two hundred | 11 – eleven 12 – welve 13 – thirteen 14 – fourteen 15 – fifteen 16 – sixteen 17 – seventeen 18 – eighteen 19 – nineteen 20 – twenty 1,000 – a thousand 2,000 – two thousand | 21 – twenty-one 22 – twenty-two 30 – thirty 40 – forty 50 – fifty 60 – sixty 70 – seventy 80 – eighty 90 – ninety 100 – a (one) hundred 100,000 – a (one) hundred thousand 1,000,000 – a (one) million | |||
| Порядковые | |||||
| 1st – first 2nd – second 3d – third 4th – fourth 5th – fifth 6th – sixth 7th – seventh 8th – eighth 9th – ninth 10th – tenth | 11th – eleventh 12th – twelfth 13th – thirteenth 14th – fourteenth 15th – fifteenth 16th – sixteenth 17th – seventeenth 18th – eighteenth 19th – nineteenth 20th – twentieth | 21 st – twenty–first, 30th – thirtieth 40 th – fortieth 50th – fiftieth 60th – sixtieth 70th – seventieth 80th – eightieth 90th – ninetieth 100th – a (one) hundredth | |||
| Дроби | |||||
| Простые | 1/2 – a (one) half 1/3 – one third | 2/5 – two fifths 2 3/7 –two and three se- venths | |||
| Десятичные | 0.3 – nought (zero) point three (point three) 2.35 – two point three five (thirty five) 32.305 – three two (thirty two) point three zero (nought) five | ||||
| Употребление | |||||
| 1. Подлежащее | Put the books in order. Two are lying under the table. Two went there. The first was my friend. | ||||
| 2. Часть сказуемого | They were five. She was the first to do it. | ||||
| 3. Дополнение | How many papers has he written? He has written five. Of the two books I read, I liked the second better. | ||||
| 4. Определение | We have seen three scientific films. This is my seventh paper. | ||||
| Перевод: числительными | |||||
ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЕ ХРОНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ДАТ
В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
| In 1800 (In eighteen hundred) In 1905 (In nineteen о [ou] five) In 1952 (In nineteen fifty-two) March 21, 1964 (the twenty-first of March, nineteen sixty-four; March the twenty-first, nineteen sixty-four). On the tenth of February (on February the tenth) | В 1800 году. В 1905 году. В 1952 году. Двадцать первое марта 1964 года. Десятого февраля. |
Self-correcting Exercises
Exercise 1. Put down in figures.
| 1. One thousand six. 2. Twenty-nine. 3. The fifteenth. 4. Nineteen twenty-two. 5. Three thousand. 6. Two fifths. 7. Twenty five point four. 8. May the twentieth. 9. Point five. 10. Three hundred and thirty-nine. | 1006; 29; XV; 1922; 3000; 2/5; 25.4; May 20; 0.5; 339. |
Exercise 2. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the use of numerals.
| 1. The meeting will take place in room 10. 2. We live in flat 3. 3. Open your books at page 45. 4. Read paragraph 3. 5. Take volume 4. 6. I can take tram 5 or 6. | Собрание состоится в десятой комнате. Мы живем в третьей квартире. Откройте книги на сорок пятой странице. Прочитайте третий абзац. Возьмите четвертый том. Я могу сесть на пятый или шестой трамвай. |
Self-training Exercises
Exercise 1. Match the corresponding numerals.
| 1. 567 2. 9th 3. 1943 4. 0.36 5. 11,000,000 6. October 12 7. 1805 8. 1/7 9. XX 10. 2.18 | a. Eleven million b. The nineth c. The twentieth d. Eighteen nought five e. Five hundred and sixty-seven f. One seventh g. Nineteen forty-three h. October the twelfth i. Two point eighteen j. Point thirty-six |
Exercise 2. Say it in words.
2; 18; 80; 100; 90; 14; 5; 99; 19; 705; 3,679; 21th; 1992; 1.015; 16th; 60; 1876; January 5; 4 1/2.
Exercise 3. Make the numerals ordinal.
25, 100, 21, 5, 12, 13, 20, 346, 31.
Exercise 4. Translate into English.
5процентов; 22 сентября 1959 года; 1,5 часа; 5347 км; 0,37 метра; 23 июня 1943 года; 3/5 тонны, 24 часа; 43-й президент.
ГЛАГОЛ (THE VERB)
По своему значению и функции в предложении глаголы разделяются на:
а) самостоятельные – write, speak, go;
б) вспомогательные, служащие для образования временных форм глагола – to be, to have, to do, shall, should, will, would;
в) глаголы-связки, служащие для образования составного именного сказуемого – to be, to become, to get, to grow, to turn;
г) модальные глаголы, выражающие отношение говорящего к действию и состоянию – must, can, may, should.
В зависимости от направленности действия глаголы разделяются на:
а) переходные, которые имеют после себя прямое, косвенное или предложное дополнение – to give, to bring, to show, to love;
б) непереходные, которые не принимают дополнения, например: to come, to go, to sleep.
Наиболее распространенными глаголами английского языка являются глаголы to be и to have. Они употребляются как смысловые глаголы в значении "быть, находиться" и "иметь"; как вспомогательные, служащие для образования видо-временных форм глаголов; и как модальные, выражающие планируемое действие в будущем (to be to) и необходимость совершения действия в силу определенных обстоятельств (to have to).
В отличие от других глаголов to be и to have имеют отдельные формы для 1-го и 3-го лица единственного и множественного числа: I am (was), he (she, it) is (was), we (you, they) are (were), I have (had), he (she, it) has (had).
Кроме того, они образуют вопросительную и отрицательную формы без вспомогательного глагола (do, does, did), за исключением глагола to have в модальном значении и в составе устойчивых словосочетаний типа to have dinner, to have classes, to have a rest, to have tea, etc.
Глагол to be
| Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite | |
| Affirmative | I am You are He is She is It is We are They are | I was You were He was She was It was We were They were | I shall be You will be He will be She will be It will be We shall be They will be |
| Negative | I am not You are not (aren't) He is not (isn't) She is not (isn't) It is not (isn't) We are not They are not | Iwas not You were not (weren't) He was not (wasn't) She was not (wasn't) It was not (wasn't) We were not They were not | Ishall not (shan't) be You will not (won't) be He will not be She will not be It will not be We shall not be They will not be |
| Inerrogative | Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are they? | Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were they? | Shall I be? Will you be? Will he be? Will she be? Will it be? Shall we be? Will they be? |
ОСНОВНЫЕ СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ГЛАГОЛА ТО BE
| Употребление | Примеры | Перевод |
| 1. Смысловой глагол –"быть", "находиться" 2. Глагол - связка 3. Вспомогательный глагол а) для образования форм Continuous б) для образования времен страдательного залога 4. В качестве модального глагола (в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей "to") выражает дол-женствование, необходи-мость договоренность. | Не is at home. We were at the lecture. She is an engineer. He is reading a newspaper now. The book was published last week. The letter has just been typed. I am to do the work at once. We were to meet in the evening. | Он дома. Мы были на лекции. Она инженер. Она читает сейчас газету. Книга опубликована в прошлом году. Письмо только что напечатано. Я должен сделать эту работу немедленно. Мы должны были встретиться вечером. |
Self-correcting Exercises
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.
| 1. Petrov and Ivanov are at the conference in Moscow. 2.Are Petrov and Ivanov at the conference in Moscow? 3. Petrov and Ivanov are not at the conference in Moscow, they are in Kiev. 4. My aim is to master English. 5. Where is Bill? – He is working in the library. 6. The students were asked to help the collective farmers. 7. There are some interesting articles in this magazine. 8. The train is to arrive at 5. 9.I was to send him a letter, but I forgot. | Петров и Иванов на конференции в Москве. Петров и Иванов на конференции в Москве? Петров и Иванов не на конфренции в Москве, они в Киеве. Моя цель – освоить английский. Где Билл? – Он работает в библиотеке. Студентов попросили помочь колхозникам. В этом журнале естьнесколько интересных статей. Поезд должен прибыть в 5 часов. Мне нужно было послать ему письмо, но я забыл. |
Exercise 2.
A. Transform the sentences into the Past Indefinite Tense.
Model: Our teacher is at the conference in Moscow. (last month)
Our teacher was at the conference in Moscow last month.
| 1. The students are in the reading hall, (before the lessons). 2. I am glad to meet my friend, (yesterday). 3. He is eighteen (in 1990). 4. My friend is preparing to enter the University, (last year). 5. 5.I am going to the Crimea, (when I met my old friend) 6. Such problems are discussed at our meeting, (yesterday). 7. The train is to arrive at 10. (but it was late) | The students were in the reading hall before the lessons. I was glad to meet my friend yesterday. He was eighteen in 1990. Last year my friend was preparing to enter the University. When I met my old friend I was going to the Crimea. Such problems were discussed at our meeting yesterday. The train was to arrive at 10 but it was late. |
B. Transform the sentences into the Future Indefinite Tense.
Model: My parents are in Brest now. (in summer)
My parents will be in Brest in summer.
| 1. My friend is a doctor.(in 5 years). 2. They are in Moscow. (during winter vacation). 3. On Monday our first lesson is English. (next Monday). 4. She is working at the library now. (at 5 o'clock). 5. The book is translated into English. (soon). 6. The lesson is over (in 5 minutes). | My friend will be a doctor in 5 years. They will be in Moscow during winter vacation. Next Monday our first lesson will be English. She will be working at the library at 5 o'clock. Soon this book will be translated into English. The lesson will be over in 5 minutes. |
Exercise 3. Make the sentences interrogative.
Model: The students are at the English lesson now.
Are the students at the English lesson now?
| 1. My father is an engineer. 2. Pete is waiting for you. 3. This book is translated by a group of our teachers. 4. I was to stay there till 5 o'clock. 5. Our students were in London last year. 6. The Belorussian State University was founded in 1921. 7. We shall be in Moscow in summer. | Is your father an engineer? Is Pete waiting for me? Is this book translated by a group of your teachers? Were you to stay there till 5 o'clock? Were your students in London last year? Was the Belorussian State University founded in 1921? Will you be in Moscow in summer? |
Exercise 4. Ask questions according to the model.
Model: His family is in Brest. (Where?)
Where is his family?
| 1. My friend's dream is to enter the University. (What?) 2. He is going to the cinema now. (Where?) 3. I am to take my exams in June. (What?) 4. He was preparing for the exams yesterday. (Who?) 5. As he was ill he didn't go to the classes? (Why?) 6. The lesson will be over in 5 minutes. (When?) 7.I shall be eighteen in a year. (How old?) | What is your friend's dream? Where is he going now? What are you to do in June? Who was preparing for the exams? Why didn't he go to the classes? When will the lesson be over? How old will you be in a year? |
Self-training Exercises
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. Where is the students hostel? 2. Is it far from the Institute? 3. How old is your friend? 4. Is he a student? 5. Was the lesson interesting? 6. Is your group preparing for the winter session? 7. Are you reading or writing now? 8. Were the students of your group invited to the conference? 9. Are you to finish this work by Monday? 10. Were you to meet your friends at the station? 11. Were there any mistakes in your grammar test? 12. What is there on your desk? 13. Will there be any new guests at your birthday party?
Exercise 2. Make the sentences negative.
1. I shall be at home tonight. 2. My friend will be a lawyer in two years. 3. My parents are teachers at the University. 4. At two o'clock our family is having dinner. 5. The decision will be passed on Monday. 6. He is working in the library now. 7. They are to meet at 5. 8. There is a TV set in this room. 9. There were many new words in the dictation. 10. There will be a stadium near our school.
Exercise 3. Read and translate the sentences with the verb "to be".
1. Our work will be completed next week. 2. He is to deliver a lecture on International Law. 3. Hard work is a guarantee of success. 4. The students of group No 4 are having a seminar now. 5. The train was to come at 5, but it was late. 6. A foreign delegation was to visit the exhibition. 7. He is not at home now. 8. Which party is in power now in Great Britain? 9. My aim is to master two foreign languages. 10. The report was interesting.
Exercise 4. Translate into English.
1. Все студенты на лекции. 2. Мой друг - первокурсник. 3. Моя мечта - выучить английский язык. 4. Мой друг готовится поступать в университет. 5. Декан будет ждать тебя в два часа. 6. Эти книги переведены на различные языки мира. 7. Белорусский государственный университет был основан в 1921 г. 8. Мне нужно окончить работу к понедельнику. 9. Студентам нашей группы нужно подготовиться к конференции. 10. Делегация должна прибыть завтра вечером. 11. Наша задача - овладеть иностранным языком в течение года. 12. В вашем городе есть университет? 13. В этом районе будет кинотеатр, кафе и несколько школ в следующем году.
| а столе много газет В ящике есть мел. В коридоре есть кто-нибудь? В вашей контрольной нет ошибок. В вашей контрольной не много ошибок. В прошлое воскресенье в университете был концерт. В следующее воскресенье будет концерт? Зимой не будет много экзаменов. Имеется (есть) много информации. Существует мнение, что ... Есть много проблем, требующих решения. |
| Is there a lift in the house? Are there a lot of bookshelves? Is there any bread on the plate? Are there a few cups on the table? Is there much furniture in the hall? Was there a nice picture on the wall? |
Оборот there is (there are)
Предложения с вводным there сообщают о наличии или существовании лица или предмета в каком-либо определенном месте.
Вводное there в предлочаении является формальным подлежащим, которое вводит скаауемое.
После оборота there is (are, was, were, will be) исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе употребляются с неопределенным артиклем. Во множественном числе существительные употребляются без артикля.
В случае наличия в предложении более одного подлежащего сказуемое согласуется с первым из них.
There is a newspaper and some journals on the table.
There are some journals and a newspaper on the table.
При переводе на русский язык предложений с вводным there перевод обычно начинается с обстоятельства (места или времени):
| There is a lamp on the table. There is much snow in winter. | На столе есть (имеется, находится) лампа. Зимой много снега. |
Сказуемым в предложении такого типа может быть не только глагол to be, но и другие глаголы: to exist (существовать), to live (жить), to come (приходить), to lie (лежать) и др.
| There appeared many new parties in the country. | В стране появилось много новых партий. |
| There is (are, was, were will be) | |||
| Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite | |
| Affirmative | There is a letter in the bag. There are letters in the bag. | There was a letter in the bag. There were letters in the bag. | There will be a letter in the bag. There will be letters in the bag. |
| Interrogative | Is there a letter in the bag? Are there letters in the bag? | Was there a letter in the bag? Were there letters in the bag? | Will there be a letter in the bag? Will there be letters in the bag? |
| Negative | There is not (isn't) a letter in the bag. There are no letters in the bag. | There was not (wasn't) a letter in the bag. There were no letters in the bag. | There will not (won't) be a letter in the bag. There will be no letters in the bag. |
Self-correcting Exercises
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.
| 1. There is a garden near the house. 2. There are many newspapers on the desk. 3. There is some chalk in the box. 4. Is there anybody in the corridor? 5. There are no mistakes in your test. 6. There aren't many mistakes in your test. 7. There was a concert at the University last Sunday. 8. Will there be a concert next Sunday? 9. There won't be many exams in winter. 10. There is much information. 11. There is a point of view that ... 12. There are many problems to solve. | Около дома есть сад. На столе много газет. В ящике есть мел. В коридоре есть кто-нибудь? В вашей контрольной нет ошибок. В вашей контрольной не много ошибок. В прошлое воскресенье в университете был концерт. В следущее воскресенье будет концерт? Зимой не будет много экзаменов. Имеется (есть) много информации. Существует мнение, что … Есть много проблем, требующих решения. |
Exercise 2. Make the sentences interrogative.
Model: There is a picture on the wall.
Is there a picture on the wall?
| 1. There is a lift in the house. 2. There are a lot of bookshelves. 3. There is some bread on the plate. 4. There are a few cups on the table. 5. There is much furniture in the hall. 6. There was a nice picture on the wall. 7. There were many seminars last week. 8. There will be a lot of people at the conference. 9. There will be a telephone in my flat. | Is there a lift in the house? Are there a lot of book-shelves? Is there any bread on the plate? Are there a few cups on the table? Is there much furniture in the hall? Was there a nice picture on the wall? Were there many seminars last week? Will there be a lot of people at the conference? Will there be a telephone in your flat? |
Exercise 3. Make the sentences negative.
| 1. There is a pen in my hand. 2. There is some ink in the pen. 3. There is some bread at home. 4. There were old buildings in the city. 5. There will be a lot of fruit in our garden. 6. There will be a seminar next week. 7. There is some sugar in my coffee. 8. There will be a new stadium in a year. | There is no pen in my hand. There is no ink in the pen. There is no bread at home. There were no old buildings in the city. There won't be a lot of fruit in our garden. There won't be a seminar next week. There isn't any sugar in my coffee. There won't be a new stadium in a year. |
Self-training Exercises
Exercise 1. Answer the follow