Refrigerators and environment
The principle of convert (1) ofammonia gas into liquid by its compress (2) and heat remove (3) in order to produce cold when the press (4) is lifted was worked out by Michel Faraday, in 1820. It was a Swiss engineer Carl Linde, however, who in 1877 made a machine using this principle, which actually worked as a refrigerate (5).
Before CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) were used as refrigerate (6), highly toxin (7) compounds such as ammonia or sulphur dioxide were used in domestic refrigerators. Leak (8) of ammonia or sulphur dioxide caused a number of deaths in the 1920s. As a result, some parts of the USA took a drastic measure of ban (9) these early domestic refrigerators.
Nowadays CFCs areregular (10) blamed for causing damage to our environment. Although they absorb more infraredradiate (11) per molecule than carbon dioxide, theircontribute (12) to the greenhouse effect is very low due to their low abundant (13) in the atmosphere. More importantly, CFCs are responsible for the thinning of the protective ozonelay (14). CFCs are still used in air condition (15) and were formerly used as refrigerants in refrigerators and as aerosol propel (16) because they are easy to liquid (17) when compressed. They are also unreactive, flame (18)and non-toxic.
13.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
TECHNOLOGY AND CRIME
Modern technology (1) advances have led to great changes in police work. Whilst computer net (2) are important in allowing the police to store efficiently the information they need, computer technology has also helped crime (3), particularly those making forge (4) of banknotes and other documents.
The police can no longer rely onfinger (5) and other more traditional methods of detect (6). They have to keep up to date with develop (7) in many fields. For example, the invention of the cord (8) electric drill left them power (9) against robbers of telephone boxes.
The police now devote more time to the prevent (10) of crime, by giving advice to motor (11) and householders about how to protect their possess (12). The police regard a car as the most invite (13) target for opportunist skill (14) car thieves who are mostly young people under twenty. Undoubtedly, both the police and car owners should take prevent (15) measures to courage (16) criminals from go trying.
14.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
CONTRIBUTION OF THIEVES
Stopping car thieves is the idea behind a new protection/security (1) system called Toad 10. When a thief/theft (2)tries to break into a car or start the engine without the key, a thick cloud of non-poisonoussmoke that is quite harmless in terms of health is released/relieved (3) in seconds. The smoke which quickly prevails/prevents (4) the thief from seeing is likely to attract the attention/attendance (5) to the car.
The inventors/investors (6) of Toad believe it will be effective partly because it was developed with the help of formal/former (7) car thieves. The designers/projectors (8) put an advert into the papers inviting/investing (9) the former car-thieves to come and put the devise/device (10) at test. These retarded/retired (11)thieves came up with some good ideas to make the
Toad 10 virtually foolproof/waterproof (12). Not only a security camera records the thief’s face, but there is also a preventive/protective (13) screen for windows, making it difficult to smash/mash (14) them. Thieves who are accustomed/customized (15) to traditional car security systems will have no idea how to deal with this one. This should make them think twice before attempting/tempting (16) a theft.
15.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
THE MICROWAVE
The microwave oven has revolution (1) the way food is cooked both at home and within food prepare (2) industry. Although it met with the disapprove (3) of many top chefs when it was invented, it is becoming an increase (4) common sight in many restaurant kitchens. So what are its advantages? Firstly, there is a huge reduce (5) in the amount of time needed to prepare each dish. Secondly, it is a very hygiene (6) way to cook, because microwaves are easy to clean, and the high temperatures involved minimum (7) the risk of bacteria (8) infection. Finally, microwave ovens are very attract (9) to the busy professional person who lives alone. The convenient (10) of a ‘microwave dinner’ is resist (11) to someone who does not wish to waste their time over a hot cook (12)!
JOKES
· The bad news is I accidentally left my electric toothbrush on all night. The good news is I’ve never seen the bathroom looking so clean.
· My wife does not know much about modern gadgets. She keeps clogging up the dishwasher with paper plates.
· I have just bought one of these new talking washing-machines. The first time it spoke was to accuse me of loading an assortment of odd socks without prior sorting them out. Just as my mother used to.
· A refrigerator is the place where you keep leftovers until they are ready to be thrown out.
· Life was simpler before credit cards. You didn’t have to wait until the end of the month to find out how poor you were.
· There is a permanent crime wave where I live. It’s the only place where when you buy a pair of nylon stockings they ask you for your head size.
· – Doctor, I can’t stop stealing things.
– Take these tablets for two weeks. If they don’t work, get me a colour telly.
· Modern technology owes apology to ecology.
1. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.
BEFORE THE CAR REIGNED THE ROAD
Before the motorcar became a practical way of transportation people depended (1) ___ on horses to get from one place to another. Horses were used to (2) ___ different types of vehicles. The (3) ___ of these was a cart, an uncovered vehicle with two or four wheels which was used for carrying (4) ___. For short trips, a light, two-wheeled vehicle called a trap was often used, while for (5) ___ journeys a closed four-wheeled vehicle, called a carriage was preferred. Private carriages could be very (6) ___ with rugs and vases of flowers. For those without a (7) ___ carriage a coach could be used. This was a public
(8) ___ of transportation which followed (9) ___ routes throughout the country, stopping at inns to (10) ___ horses and allow people to (11) ___ and have something to eat.
With the invention of the train in Britain in the 1820s, long journeys in horse-drawn carriages became less and less (12) ___. In 1865, the British Government passed the Red Flag Act, (13) ___ a person to precede a (14) ___ ‘carriage’ with a red flag. The first cars were called motors, hence ‘motoring’, (15) ___. Actually the motor is a part of the car engine. In the early 1900s the motorcar began to (16) ___ horses altogether.
2. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
TRAFFIC LIGHTS
The first traffic signal wasinvention (1) by a railway signaling engineer. It was installation (2) near the Houses of Parliament in 1868. It looked like any railway signal of that time and was operation (3) by gas. However, it exploded and killed a policeman and the accident stopped further develop (4)until cars became common.
The traffic lights are American invent (5). Red-green lights were installed in Cleveland in 1914. Three-color signals, operated manual (6) from the tower in the middle of the street, were put up in New York in 1918.
The early lights of this type to appear in Britain were in London on the join (7) between St. James street and Piccadilly in 1925. Automate (8)signals were installed a year later.
In the past traffic lights were differ (9). In New York, some lights had a statue mounted on the top. In Los Angeles the lights did not just change silence (10), but would ring bells to wake up the sleeping motor (11). These early traffic lights are gone and have been place (12) by standard models which are universe (13) adopted.
3.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных трех вариантов.
THE WORLD’S MOST LOVED CAR
Volkswagen means ‘people’s car’. In Germany in 1934 Ferdinand Porsche was asked by the German government to (1) ___ exactly that – a car for the people. A factory was built and the first (2) ___ looking cars were produced in 1938. Then, of course, there was a problem – the Second World War.
After the war the British officer, Major Ivan Heart was put in(3) ___ of the Volkswagen factory. It was thought the car would be (4) ___ for the British and American soldiers in Germany. So the first (5) ___ of the car were not the Germans, but British and American soldiers. Some of them loved VWs so much that they took their cars back home.
The car was soon (6) ___ the ‘Beetle’. At first only a few people (7) ___ them and when they met on the road they used to wave to each other.
Twenty million ‘Beetles’ have been (8) ___, but none have been made in Europe since 1974. However, the ‘Beetle’ still lives on; they are made in South America.
They are noisy, ugly really, but they are so full of character and totally (9) ___. People owning ‘Beetles’ are often asked why they (10) ___ them to other cars. Most of them answer that there is something in life that can never be (11) ___, and the ‘Beetle’ is like that.
| A project | B design | C projection | |
| A definitely | B distinguished | C distinctly | |
| A charge | B head | C lead | |
| A suitable | B compatible | C matching | |
| A protectors | B supporters | C fans | |
| A referred | B nicknamed | C christened | |
| A owned | B owed | C belonged | |
| A realized | B output | C produced | |
| A reliable | B hopeful | C accountable | |
| A desire | B prefer | C prevail | |
| A proved | B approved | C improved |
4. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
LIFE BEHIND THE WHEEL
The car has beenincredible (1) successful. In one century it has come to dominate most of the world and the inhabit (2) of any developed country rely on it in all kinds of ways. Its popular (3), though, has worrying effects on our environment. The construct (4) of roads often means the destroy (5) of areas of natural beauty. The harmful fumes produced by car engines affect us and the count (6) species we share the planet with. Scientists and especially environment (7)are keen to draw attentive (8) to the dangers of our modern life (9). However, people seem to be extremely reluctance (10) to give up cars. Life behind the wheel is too comfort (11) and any worries about nature and its problems are second (12). Unless we can get over our attach (13) to the car, we will face a grow (14)problem of environmental damage.
5. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.
RUSSIAN’S OBSSESION
In a country where just owing a Lada was considered a luxury 20 years ago, (1) ___ foreign cars hold a special allure. In the USSR, it was hard to buy a car because of (2) ___and insufficient distribution. Ironically, many Russians are again putting their names on (3) ___lists for cars. This time for(4) ___ cars. However, no millionaire’s cash can do away with short (5) ___ season anddismal road network.
The (6) ___ of rich and powerful Russians with expensive foreign cars can be (7) ___ back to the early days of the automobile. Tsar Nicolas’ garage (8) ___a fleet of more than 30 luxury limousines including a Mercedes, a Rolls-Royce and others.
For all their love to the(9) ___ class, Soviet leaders were no different. Lenin traveled in a (10) ___ Rolls-Royce and Stalin (11) ___ the ZIL automobile factory as the Soviet (12) ___ to Western limousines. Leonid Brezhnev had a (13) ___of 50 cars including Rolls-Royce, Cadillac, Porsche. Of course, none of the carstechnically(14) ___ to Brezhnev, but they were the property of the Soviet state. Ordinary citizens had to content themselves with (15) ___Ladas that took years to acquire.
6.THE CAR OF THE FUTURE
I.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных четырех вариантов.
In Search of the Ideal Car
Both Japan and Germany have recently published plans/programs/projects/plots (1)for the revolutionary car of the future which will turn/differ/change/exchange (2) the nature of inner-city transport. The car of the future will conduct/concern/connect/combine (3) the good points of public and private transport, giving users the advantages of a private car, without the cost of purchase or maintenance/conservation/preservation/protection (4). This car is supposed to diminish/reduce/undermine/liquidate (5)pollution and improve traffic flow in crowded cities.
II. Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
The Japanese new car
At a recent Japanese auto show, severalexperimental cars were ondisplay/displacement (1). They are designed to be smaller, lighter and to be powered by new, moreadvantageous/advanced (2)engines. Few of these cars will go into production since they are onlyconcept/conception (3)cars. Other new ideas include using electricity to power cars. It is the most economicallypromising/perspective (4)fuel. The disadvantagesof theelectricity/electric (5)cars are their heavy batteries and theirrequirement/need (6)to be frequently recharged. Another new concept is a computer system which helps the driver withnavigation/navigator (7). Cars of the future will change the way we driveinconsiderably/considerably (8).
III.Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
Germany's dream machine
In the era when family cars are about ascharisma (1)as fridges, Volkswagen has taken the most successfulcar of all time, the ‘Beetle’ back to thedraw (2)board and given it afuture (3) look. Its return promises to be one of the greatest comebacks of the time. The manufacturers say the new model will paycontribute (4)to the original, which epitomizedindividual (5)and mobility. Emphasize (6)will be put on fuel efficiencyand low emissions, the main selling point being its ecologicalfriend (7). The engine will switch offautomation (8)when not being used.Dueto go into produce (9) within a year, the car will be very different to the one that served so manymotor (10)in the past.
7.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
DEADLY DRIVING
Around the world, people ignore/neglect (1)dangers on the road and drive as if they believe they could never be engaged/involved (2)in a tragic accident. Whether riding a motorcycle or driving a car or lorry, many don’t seem to care about security/safety (3). The number of road deaths is expected to increase dramatically/tragically (4) in the next decades, especially in the developing countries.
Owing/According (5) to the report of the World Health Organization, road accidents were the ninth on the list of reasons/causes (6)of death worldwide. Sadly, the report predicts/prescribes (7) that by the year 2020 they will be the thirdon the list, and there is scare/fear (8) that the situation might deteriorate.
The number of deaths and serious damages/injuries (9)among car users has fallen by twenty-three per cent in the late/last (10) years thanks to the increased use of seatbelts. At the same time, the number of slight/light (11) injuries has risen by fifty per cent, which indicates/identifies (12) that the number of road accidents in general/whole (13) is in fact going up.
The main reason/cause (14)for the fall in road deaths in Britain is that more people are choosing to travel by car rather/sooner (15) than risk cyclingor walking along busy roads. Because people in cars are more defended/protected (16) from the force of anyimpact, they are less likely/like (17) to be seriously injured than people on foot. It seems that as long as drivers continue to be careless, self-defense/self-protection (18) is the key to surviving in today’s traffic.
8.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных двух вариантов.
TAXI
The first known taxi was an Egyptian water cab in about 4000 BC. In the 17th century, first in Paris, then in London, there were horse-drawn hackneys and as early as 1623 London’s ferry-boat operators were already competing/ complaining (1) that the hackneys deprived them of their life/living (2).
Taxis soon came under government rule/regulation (3). In 1800, in Paris, the cabriolet, a speedy/speeding (4) two-wheeled carriage dragged/pulled (5) by a single horse, was dubbed the ‘cab’ and in 1834, Joseph Hanson patterned/patented (6) the Hansom Cab. Before the automobile became the taxi of choice/selection (7), there were a few excessive/eccentric (8) efforts to improve on the Hansom Cab; but it was Harry N. Allen who was the father of the taxi cab. For his New York vehicles he imported the French taxi-mètre, which could size/measure (9) taxis, or ‘fares’, and the ‘taxi-cab’ was born.
Just as the men who made Hollywood were dwellers/dreamers (10)and entrepreneurs, so were the men who made the taxis in America run. Among them was John Hertz, who got into the taxi business in 1907. After reading a University of Chicago survey/surveillance (11) that said yellow was the colour most easily spilled/spotted (12), he developed the yellow cab. He was responsive/responsible (13) for the purpose-built taxi and he made it affordable/affectionate (14) – cabs had always been for rich folk. He organized Yellow Cab companies in other towns, like New York City, and later set up the first car loan/rental (15) service.
9.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных четырех вариантов.
TWO –WHEELERS
The (1) ___ form of transport in the twentieth century was (2) ___the motor car. But as the century drew to a close, a large number of road users were (3) ___these petrol-driven, four-wheeled boxes for a much cleaner, more (4) ___ machine: the bicycle.
It is not a new invention, of course. In 1817, Barton von Drais invented what became known as the ‘running machine’. This was a two-wheeled vehicle which looked very (5) ___ to a bicycle, (6) ___ that it had no chain or pedals. The rider simply sat in the saddle and ran. It is surprising that these machines were so popular when you (7) ___ how uncomfortable they must have been, but they were very (8) ___ among the upper classes.
It was not until 1885 that something truly (9) ___ a modern bicycle came onto the market. The ‘safety cycle’ (10) ___ the beginning of the age of the two-wheeler. This was not just an expensive toy for the (11) ___of the upper classes. It was a cheap and (12) ___ machine, and it was not long before everyone had one.
With the (13) ___ in car use in the 1950s and 60s, the bicycle went into decline. The car was, after all, faster and more comfortable. Until there were so many of them, that is! Nowadays more and more people (14) ___ that for city journeys a bicycle can be up to five times faster than a car – and it is much easier to find a parking (15) ___!
| Adominant | Bdominate | Cpredominate | Ddomination | |
| Acertainty | Bunsurely | Cundoubtedly | Dunbelievably | |
| Aparting | Bdeparting | Cceasing | Dabandoning | |
| Asufficient | Befficient | Cdeficient | Dsuffocating | |
| Alike | Bsame | Cequal | Dsimilar | |
| Aaccess | Baccent | Cexcept | Dexpect | |
| Aconceive | Bconcept | Cconclude | Dconsider | |
| Afashionable | Bstylish | Cmodern | Dfascinating | |
| Alooking | Bresembling | Cappearing | Dseeming | |
| Apointed | Bmarked | Cshowed | Dstarted | |
| Aamazement | Battraction | Castonishment | Damusement | |
| Aspace | Bpractical | Cprecise | Dpremium | |
| Arise | Braise | Carouse | Darise | |
| Arecall | Brelieve | Crealize | Drecollect | |
| Aspace | Bspot | Csight | Dsign |
10. Образуйте соответствующее однокоренное слово.
“PENNY AND FARTHING”, QUARDCYCLE, TRICYCLE AND BICYCLE
The first ever vehicle which was not pulled by horses but was powered by human energy was a wood (1)quardcycle, for which the Frenchman Jean Théson obtained a 30-year patent in 1645. This able (2) him to improve the vehicle, which was moved only by the act (3)of pushing on the ground with alter (4)feet. It was very heavy and in 1690 it was reduced to two wheels (by Sivrac). However, the machine resembling the body of an image (5)animal was still rather convenience (6), as well as its next version made in 1771 by Francois Masurier and Michel Blanchard. They turn (7) to Tréson's four wheels, which were definite (8)more stable. The two-wheeler appeared (9)in 1818 when the baron Drais de Sauerbron introduced a bicycle with a huge front wheel and a very small rear wheel. It looked so funny that people nicknamed it ‘Penny and Farthing’, both (10) denominate (10)being out of use today.
The real technicalinnovate (11)in this domain came from Scot Kirkpatrick MacMillan who, in 1839, made the vehicle look like a modern one by fitting pedals to driving rods between the axles of front and rear wheels of the bicycle. Though the construction turned out to be perfect (12), MacMillan is regarded as the real inventor of the bicycle. Quite a number of inventors from different countries contribution (13)to the development of the vehicle: they made pedals rotate smooth (14)and introduced spiked wheels and a metal frame. Indeed, these contributions and the ones that were to come later made the machineappreciate (15)lighter and pleasant to ride on. Indeed, no pleasure is compare (16)to that derived by every child trying out his first tricycle.
11.Выберите подходящее слово из предложенных трех вариантов.
BICYCLES
Why don't the British cycle? Only a quarter of the twenty million bicycles (1) ___ in the country are thought to be in use. In Denmark, which is flatter but no darker or rainier than Britain, twenty per cent of all journeys are made by bicycle, while in Britain the (2) ___ number is only 5%.
The government are trying to change this. It is hoped that a grant of millions of pounds from the National Lottery will (3) ___ more people to use their bikes. The money will be used to (4) ___ for a 6,500 mile national network of cycle (5) ___. Britain needs to develop environmentally friendly schemes such as this. The southern third of the country is one of the most densely (6) ___ areas of the world. Although the existing roads are very overcrowded, protests of (7) ___ make it difficult to build the new ones. One official committee (8) ___ the growth of motor transport as “possibly the (9) ___ environmental threat to the UK”. The (10) ___ of building the cycle tracks is to (11) ___ people to use their bicycles instead of their cars. However, the new tracks are being built around cities rather than through them. This means that only long distance (12) ___ may be easier and safer. The use of bicycle inside cities will still involve (13) ___ danger for the cyclists.
| A available | B existing | C present | |
| A respective | B responding | C corresponding | |
| A encourage | B ensure | C enable | |
| A insure | B provide | C maintain | |
| A path | B trace | C track | |
| A popular | B populated | C unpopular | |
| A environmentalists | B environment | C ecologists | |
| A describes | B prescribes | C ascribes | |
| A worse | B worth | C worst | |
| A purpose | B goal | C objective | |
| A initiate | B motivate | C activate | |
| A voyage | B journey | C travel | |
| A considerate | B considered | C considerable |
12.Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из предложенного списка.