The category of number
I. Determine the nounal characteristics of the italicized words:
I. "You blashed fool," he said. "I don't see why, unless it's folly to say the obvious." 2. The little courtesies, the fond words, the tender nothings that mean so much to those that love — it would cost so little not to forget them, and they would make life so much more beautiful. 3. I left Alexandria next day, and I forgot about Abraham till a little while ago, when I was dining with another old friend in the profession, AlecCarmichael, who was in England on short leave. 4. "I am covered with fine gold," said the Prince, "you must take it off, leaf by leaf, and give it to my poor; the living always think that gold can make them happy." 5. The ugly and the stupid have the best of it in this world. 6. It showed an eager ness for adventure, a readiness for the hand-to-mouth, which the care she took of her home and her love of good housewifery made not a little remarkable. 7. There was, at times, a want of spirits about him, which, if it did not denote indifference, spoke a something almost as unpromising. 8. She would like Atlanta and constant association with her in-laws. 9. "On the contrary," said the Minor Poet, "they have taught us to distinguish between the true and the false." 10. There is no poetry about Harris — no wild yearning for the unattainable. 11. It's
better to be a has been than a never was. 12. The wiser go their way with a decent grace. 13. Often she tormented herself with the rights and wrongs of that impulsive action. 14. If, If, If! There were so many ifs in life, never any certainty of anything, never any sense of security, always the dread of losing every thing and being cold and hungry again. 15. "No, no," said Racksole quickly, "I don't want any, I‘т afraid." 16. Carrie thinks she's such a whale at analyzing folks. Giving the town the once-over. 17. You must remember that your son will be a what-you-call-him.
II. Explain the use of the verb form and the pronoun:
1. Where he lives isn't the provinces as far as ceramics are concerned, ifs the metropolis. 2. Behind them a family were gathered in a little circle round a young woman with a baby. 3. The pair opposite were talking. 4. Often it seemed to her that the community were easily, casually even, judging her, placing her. 5. One thing I'm sure of. The other side aren't going to humbug the old man against his will. 6. Pip, your tactics are obvious, please don't insult my intelligence. 7. A lot of crowd are saying, "to hell with the old Wangler." 8. The public are so good. 9. Slowly, painfully the ten dollars was collected. 10. The pair on the tower are still motionless. 11. The fifteen days was a long time. 12. Well, Poppel was saying crossly from the gas stove, "When do the army step in and shoot Hitler?" 13. His Collected Poems was published in 1928. 14. There are no available statistics on the percentage of American Negroes who still retain the unmixed blood of their ancestors. 15. The board were thoroughly frightened. They were suffering from that special panic which affects all newspaper owners. Politics irritate me. 17. ...And the police were looking on from the corner. 18. Don't mind me, Scobie, don't listen to me. It's the rains — they always get me down about this time. 19. It was nearly eleven o'clock and the congregation were arriving in unexpected members, mostly women, but including more men than Hooper had expected. The congregation was not so clearly sorted. The majority were soberly dressed men who might have been clerks, shop assistants. 20. There are a multitude of words of a specific character. 21. Well, the government have asked me to go, so I leave now. 22. The police were excited. 23. While the Jury were away he walked out of the court before the eyes of the public. 24. The police in Budapest were efficient. In the Balkan countries they were corrupt and there was nothing to fear from the customs. 25. The approaching couple were quite near now. 26. The news in the papers has not been very good. 27. Ten years is a long time to be remembering. 28. A million francs is a lot of money. 29. His politics were a mixture of fear, greed and envy. 30. The crowd has already accepted the decision.... The crowd has parted down like a black curtain. 31. Meals is one thing I'm never late for. 32. The leader puts his stick up and the band blow a chord. 33. His family live in Bradford. 34. Another five minutes goes by. 35. I can watch a herd of cows and tell you long before you hear any sounds that planes are approaching. The cattle stiffen. They stop grazing. They know. 36. Our family has always been a very happy family. 37. How are your family? 38. The Commanding officer does not know where his cavalry is, and his cavalry are not completely accurate as to their situation, nor their mission. 39. I don't know what the police are thinking of, they must be sleeping. 40. Georgina turned up at Ladle Sands, Sussex, where the couple were established. 41. Everybody knows that Harley streets and thereabouts is where the best doctors ply their trade. 42. The papers were-laid out on the table in coloured folders with perspex covers, and I asked him what their contents were about. 43. The public are admitted ... come and see for yourself what it's like. 44. He sent me to that school because classics are particularly well taught there. 45. But you know how it is, the public are interested — and one way or another they'll get the story. 46. You know what politics are. It's the same in all countries. 47. I'm just one of the people who are lucky enough to know him.
The Verb
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
I. Comment on the form of the Subjunctive Mood. Define the type of the sentence or its part. Comment on the lexical distribution of the Subjunctive Mood form:
А. 1. Perhaps, under the circumstances, it was only natural that I should dream of Jones. 2. What if the house were closed in darkness? But it was not. 3. But he was gazing past me, keeping his eyes on Robert's blindfold as if he were trying to see his eyes through. 4. "If two tigers jumped on a blue whale, could they kill it?" — "Ah, but that couldn't happen, you see. If the whale was in the sea the tigers would drown straight away; and if the whale was..." — "But supposing they did jump on the whale?" 5. "/ might have missed you but for your orange beret." 6. "It is a pity you've been so far away all this time. I would probably have slapped your face." 7. He realized as he said this that he would have felt timid at having to address the man. 8. He was so happy he would have walked right back to the main road without knowing what he was doing. 9. "What a good stag! I wish Miss Duni would teach it to me." 10. He said it as if he thought this was a justification for something or other. 11. After dinner it was suggested that they all go somewhere to dance. 12. "What do you want out of life, Brown? I know how your mother would have answer-ed." — "How?" — "She would have laughed at me for not knowing the answer." 13. It was urgent that he find Captax and consult him immediately. 14. She would demand that he have a secretary. 15. "Well, my advice, Honora, is that you go directly to the bank, withdraw a substantial sum of money, and leave the country. 16. Soames saw the Chairman incline his head as if he wanted to shake it. 17. "It's time you two went." 18. I waited by the gangway until he should return. Who wrote to Laura's husband in the first instance? If it hadn't been for you he wouldn't have turned up again. Sometimes I wondered what I should be without him.
B. 1. "People don't demand that a thing be reasonable if their emotions are touched." 2. ...She decided to put her feet up and recline among the piled up cushions until he should arrive. 3. He was walking timidly, as though he knew that at such a time in the morning it were an intrusion to visit one's friends. 4. If Mr. Jungle, from his place of concealment, could have beheld the expression which the old lady's face assumed at this communication, the probability is that a sudden burst of laughter would have betrayed his close vicinity to the summerhouse. 5. He enquired, as if it were a matter of life or death, whether she wanted French or English mustard, and while he was bending over doling her the neatest of blobs, she raised her head, and he gave her a look. 6. Mr. Bumble drew a long breath, as if he were glad to find that the story was over. 7. Joseph Sedley, who was fond of music, and soft-hearted, was so profoundly touched, that, if he had had the courage, and if George and Miss Amelia had remained in the other room, his bachelorhood would have been at an end. 8. It looked to him as if the house would be cold. 9. ...her grey eyes were the wonder — dewy, as if opened for the first time, that day. 10. ...there was something terrible in the idea that but for his, James's money, Dartie's name might have appeared in the Bankruptcy List. 11. Mr. Nupkins looked calmly terrible, and commanded that the lady should be shown in. 12. He turned to look at her, but something in her smiling face — something which only he perhaps would have caught—stopped the words bubbling up in him. 13. It seemed to her that if she could lay her two hands upon that neck that all its strength and vigor would flow out to her. 14. Mr. Bumble drew a long breath, as if he were glad to find that the story was over. 15. If Amelia could have heard the comments regarding her which were made in the circle from which her father's ruin had just driven her, she would have seen what her own crimes were, and how her character was jeopardized.
II. Define the shade of meaning, expressed by the Subjunctive Mood form:
\. That's all I can remember. I wouldn't have remembered it at all but for you. 2.1 think it's time you went to bed. 3. Except for a double chin, and mouth too large and thick, she would have been perfectly pretty. 4. That night Miss Martin called on Franklin Gomez and demanded that the boy be whipped. 5. I feel as if we known you for longer. 6. He wished he could see the post-card of the Vermont house, but if he asked to see it, they would know he had been listening. 7. I was going to suggest that she give up drink, but she looked too miserable. 8. I wish I knew something of veterinary medicine. There's a feeling of helplessness with a sick animal... I wish somebody would write a good, comprehensive book on home dog medicine. I would do it myself if I were qualified. 9. But I was crippled by the events of the day, and I wished I hadn't come. 10. The night had gone colder; the jug felt as though the water inside had been iced. 11. I would have gone too, but I was tied up to Joseph.... 12. But Victorine sat thinking of so much, that it was as if she thought of nothing. 13. He surveyed the events of the day, of all the lost days. What would Corker have done? 14. It was not considered strange that he should be working at a manual occupation and still sounding his aitches. 15. You would have thought from his expression that he was seeing it for the first time. 16. He stared at her as if he hadn't seen her before, but managed to get out a 'How d'you do'. 17. I wish you'd been there, we had a wonderful time. 18. If the boy was here he would wet the coils of line, he thought. Yes. If the boy were here. If the boy were here. 19. Preedy had had many converts like Mrs. Rollwright; he was not at all surprised that highly intelligent people should come to him. 20. "I wish we hadn't left everything to the last minute," I said. 21. At this point Jordan and I tried to go, but Tom and Gatsby insisted with competitive firmness that we remain. 22. It was exactly as if he were sharing the house with a stranger; suddenly they became coldly, meticulously polite to each other.
III. State whether the action in the main clause and the subclause is real or hypothetical, what mood form it is expressed by (the indicative or subjunctive):
1. Had the world been watching, it would have been startled... 2. If Robert told them.., they nodded rapturously. 3. ...if he thinks a thing nasty, he doesn't do it. 4. I'd give my eyes if I had that boy's good nature. 5. We threatened I those two prima donnas that if they didn't play we'd settle on a third candidate. 6. "If it won't bore you, let me tell you." 7. "...he won't believe anything I say, he won't..." — Hi he won't, he won't." 8. "Wouldn't it be much better if you went to bed?" 9. If you automatically fell in love with TIio most attractive woman you saw, in the first place your life would be hell, and in the second the plain women would never get husbands. 9. "I '11 explain it to you if you don't watch out." 10. I looked at his face again. If ever I saw a man on the point of breaking up, I saw one of them. 11. "He was never very pleased about anything," Vincent said. "He was a cantankerous old devil if the truth were to be told." 12. If you want to get up a charity or something like that... then you must first get the authorities' permission. 13. Most adolescents are very hungry for approbation from adults, and if you take away that bait — if you make it clear however well they work you still won't care whether they live or die — they'll turn rebellious. 14. If it didn't come of its own accord, as it easily might, it shouldn't be hard to coax it out of him. 15. If she laughed, the tinge of mourning lent her laughter new charms. If she sighed, the exuberant array of her apparel bade the spectator be of good cheer. Was she witty, men surrendered reason and adored her. 16. If she takes to you she'll do anything for you.... 17. I'm telling you, kid, if you were with me I'd be happy out there. 18. If I were in London I could at least go to Galleries.
THE INFINITIVE
I. Identify the infinitives and comment on their form:
1. The English critics were supposed to have hailed his performance that night as the greatest Hamlet of the age. 2. Adele was not easy to teach that day. 3. I'm sorry, very sorry to have misled you, but it wasn't Canon Pennyfather that I saw that night. 4. Harder than to give up was to be given up, or to be the cause of someone you loved giving "-up for you. 5. When Blanche quarreled with Strickland she had only to leave him, and her husband was waiting humbly to forgive and forget. 6. But it would be very dull to be married to Dennis. 7. Although I felt lonely and rejected, I was thankful to be living alone. 8. You have just been telling me how much you liked to be conquered and how pleasant overpersuasion is to you. 9. My nephew, you seem to be displaying signs of triviality. 10. Without Vesta, Gerhardt would have found his life hard indeed to bear. 11. Mrs. Barton Trafford had crisp, white hair which she wore like the Venus of Milo, and she was supposed in her youth to have been very comely. 12. To be disliked by Martha Thompson must be nasty and if you happened to be a cook, dangerous as well. 13. To have been reared in luxury as he had been, to have seen only the pleasant side of society, which is so persistent and so deluding where money is concerned, to have been in the run of big affairs not because one has created them, but because one is a part of them and because they are one's birthright, like the air one breathes, could not help but create one of those illusions of solidarity which is apt to befog the clearest brain.
II. Point out the infinitives expressing the actions simultaneous with that of the predicate verb, posterior or anterior to it. Explain what this usage is conditioned by:
А. 1. Не had abandoned the cab because he could not bear to remain seated beside his cousin. 2. He threatened to whack me still worse if I told you. 3. I like to have my rooms left tidy. 4. His eyes wandered, and he had no meaning in its wandering: this gave him an odd look, such as I never remembered to have seen. 5. I should like to have answered. 6. Gerhardt saw her coming and pretended to be deeply engaged in a newspaper. 7. You always want to argue about things. 8. If Lester had not married her already, she must realize full well that he did not intend to do so. 9. It was Emily's evening out and I expected to find Mary-Ann alone, but as I went along the passage I heard voices and the sound of laughter. 10. "I'm glad to be leaving here," said Miss Marple. 11. Goodbye. So pleased to have met you. 12. She was relieved to find that he did not take the matter too seriously. 13. I don't mind saying I shall be interested to hear. 14 but still more was I amazed to perceive the air quite dim, as if filled with smoke. 15. And they tell me I'm lucky to have gotten a room. 16. His lordship was so dumbfounded to find himself presented in such agreeable colours, that he did not know exactly what to say. 17. ... his doctor was surprised to find this noble patient's health growing better.
B. 1. I think I will come to England to improve my English. 2. I wonder if she said that in order to please me. 3. I exist to be worried by you. 4. You must know something to have advertised as you did?-5. It sounds too fantastic to be true. 6. That night there was a storm and I woke to hear the rain lashing the window-panes. 7. And how stupid of Miss Springer to have gone off by herself like that without waking up somebody else. 8. How wise her mother had been to nip that friendship in the bud. 9. I went to shut the window and what was my surprise to see a light in the Sports Pavilion. 10. We were a couple of young fools to take such a job. 11. And when he put aside his book and gave her a glance, she was startled to see in his eyes a look of physical distaste. 12. And with these words in his ears, Michael went home, to find his little son sickening for measles. 13. He lived to be ninety. 14.1 wondered to see them receive with calm that look which seemed tome so penetrating. 15. She had been silly to come here.
C. 1. On the tiptoe she went into the room. She mustn't disturb him. He must be very tired after his journey. 2. I am afraid you must be under some misconception. 3. It occurred to me presently that they must think her pretty too. 4. We could talk about him, and you know how into the heat of conversation things come back. 5. I fear there can be no possible doubt about the matter. 6. If there is a microbe it cannot be measles: it must be parameasles. 7. But how could she possibly know about it? 8. You may be in love with Popsy. 9. We might have" & good influence over him.
III. Comment on the modal and temporal semantics of the infinitives in italics:
1. То come to see her would only upset the child and make her unhappy. 2. To say that Soames preferred his house by the river when his wife was not there would be a crude way of expressing a far from simple equation. 3. It would be a good thing perhaps to know a little more about her. 4. But to leave him alone and idle wouldn't help him to stay sane. 5. He lingered on, and began to feel that perhaps it would be just as well to let matters rest as they were. 6. ... and to do as you wish me would, I begin to think, be almost equivalent to committing suicide. 7. I don't want to marry an old man, and it would be silly, at my age, to marry a young man. 8. ... it might not be unwise to give her one last chance. 9. To have followed their meal in detail would have given him some indication of their states of mind. 10. To have yielded then would have been an error of principle; to have yielded now would have been an error of judgement. 11. It would have been better, after all, more natural surely to have gone into the sitting-room hand in hand, smiling at one another.... 12. I softened Considerably what related to the three days of wandering and starvation because to have told him all would have been to inflict unnecessary pain... .
IV. Comment on the infinitives given in italics. Say whether they express temporal meanings or those of time correlation. Motivate your answers:
1. "I wonder if that's wise." — 'To leave her would be less so." 2. To arrive before the time would look overeager. 3. To make a call of any distance, or a London call, upset her severely. 4. It won't do to neglect her.... 5. He detailed to Annette everything that was not of importance, for to tell her what was would never do. 6. To have him watched would be pretty revolting. 7. To publish that poem was crazy. 8. Just as in a very old world to find things or people of pure descent is impossible, so with actions. 9. It would be much better to say nothing about it. 10. It will be extremely inconvenient for me to see her. 11. It was disloyal to be hungry at such a time. 12. What good it would have done me at that time to have been tossed in the storms of an uncertain struggling life, and to have been taught by rough and bitter experience to long for the calm amidst which I now repined. 13. To have known her is a privilege. 14. To have boasted that she knew a lot might have raised doubts in his mind. 15. It would be nearer the truth to say that my parents seem to have lost me. 16. "It's so delightful to have run into you like this, Mr. de Winter," She said, as we went towards the lift. 17. To go to Fleur and ask for a frank exposure of her feelings was what he would have liked to do. 18. To enter that room was a colossal risk. 19. To see each of his ugly, selfish motives changed into a good and generous one by the simplicity of a child was a singular experience. 20. To show feeling was perhaps the only thing of which the chap would be ashamed. 21. "I think Dinny's overestimating her strength, Hilary." —"No woman really in love could do otherwise. To find out whether she is or not will be her job." 22. No! That account was closed. To reopen it was to tempt Providence. 23. To go far away and quickly was the only thing to do.
THE GERUND
I. Identify the gerund, define its form, verbal and nounal properties:
1. As it was nearly time for lunch, the court adjourned before hearing the evidence. 2. I had no doubt that she was near. On my asking now, if that were not so, Mr. Omer nodded yes. 3. I was a trifle discomfited at being seen by Andrew, he nevertheless carried off the situation with a flourish. 4. It's no good our going without you. 5. She yawns in his face without even knowing her rudeness. 6. She felt a cold sensation which generally preluded his becoming angry. 7. It would mellow him, I think, all those beautiful prayers and psalms and seeing one's neighbours. 8. I turned from them at once. In doing so, I heard her say to the coachman, "Drive anywhere!" 9. "I'm by no means happy about Calvert's influence on the undergraduates, if we took the very serious risk of electing him to our society." 10. They drank, after touching the glasses very lightly. 11. The children were introduced, Sandra from a distance because of having done what children of her age so often do. 12. The British bicycle was much admired, for the solidity of its frame and for being the only one on the island with stainless steel wheels. 13. In discussing her with Val, at breakfast on Sunday morning, Winifred dwelt on the family skeleton. 14. It won't make any difference your keeping quiet. 15. I said I wasn't afraid of being deceived by her so much as being wangled into a false position by Nimmo and Boot ham. 16. Well, there's no avoiding him now. 17. I didn't like having to think about it. 18. He spoke in a quiet voice to avoid being overheard.
П. Point out the cases in which the gerund denotes an action simultaneous with that of the predicate verb, posterior or anterior to that of the predicate verb. Explain them:
1. All he was doing was putting on an act of listening and nodding. 2. "I wonder if Felicity will mind your having changed her room round." 3. He was never confident in arguing with his wife. 4. So Jack Burden lived in the slatternly apartment with the other graduate students, for even after being fired the unlucky industrious one still lived in the apartment. 5. Rudbeck is fond of saying, "When we open this road." 6. Merely wondering what to say to her made him doubt and shrink and begin pretending even to himself. 7. "I had promised, before leaving the flat, to go to the recital she was giving on the following Thursday." 8. She had been sulky and short-tempered all the morning, in spite of being promised lunch at the Royal Festival Hall. 9. He had still not contrived a plan for sending her to mountains. 10. And if he thought so, then I did too, because he could convince me just by p 1 а у i n g his ideas. 11. He left without daring to take one last look at the challenging emptiness he had left behind. 12. I will insist on there being a next time. 13. Anyway, it added to the notable feeling of relaxed contentment that had begun to grow on me since starting to talk to Robert. 14. The door opened without having been rapped on. 15. Basil was little used to being heard with respect and was correspondingly resentful at being reproached with his own words. 16. "You can't imagine your friend Roy not attending to them." 17. She thought he was clever but misguided, and never gave up hope of converting him. So you see I couldn't sleep for worrying because of my poor wife and my poor boy and being afraid of the knife. She couldn't help being pleased to be summoned. 20. The house at Hereford Square still seems grey and derelict; after having been half slaughtered it had not yet come back to life. 21. She seemed incapable of reading anything except the newspaper, and after remarking upon the extreme pliancy of their covers, took no further interest in Hugh's Jane Austen. 22. "He put it very sweetly, but Г know that in marrying Fleur's father without love I did a dreadful thing." 23. "I'm not keen on getting me into trouble." 24. It's no use trying to tell other people your troubles. 25. "They are thinking of doing something for him." 26. He was preoccupied, however, with the danger of losing the emotional impact and significance of all these experiences by having to write them up immediately for the newspaper. 27. After looking round our sitting-room in a way that re-evoked my feelings on showing her the cataloguing-room at the library, she perched precariously against the edge of the gate-leg table. 28. The future — inexorable pendent to the present — he-took care not to face, for fear of breaking up his untroubled manner.
III. Explain the use of the Perfect and Non-Perfect forms of the Gerund. In some cases they are interchangeable. Mark the sentence in which the Participle can substitute for the Gerund:
А. 1. But it was only after walking three miles in the sun, and being covered with the dust of the passing cars, that "at last we arrived. 2. Syson turned quite pale at hearing these words. 3. Lord Wittenham decided, on seeing Prince's report, that this was front-page news. 4. And Preedy, after reflecting a moment, gave a long sigh. 5. They were sitting together in the bar, after having had an excellent dinner. 6. His first feeling on realizing that he was in love with Miranda was a certain sense of achievement. 7. Immediately on being demobbed he went the rounds, full of hope. 8. On waking up ' he ate voraciously the meals his mother set on the bedside chair. 9. I think what excited them was the fact that he should be wondering about among us, unheralded, after having given the place such a wide berth for so long. 10. Fielding, in discussing the theory of the novel, always emphasized its epic and historical character. 11. It was characteristic that, after asking me to dinner, he left me in a lordly way to pay the bill. 12. Yates recalled the instructions Colonel De Witt had given upon arriving from England to take charge of the Detachment. 13. Probably they had had the idea quite spontaneously since starting the race. 14. "It gives me a funny feeling," she said. "After living in this town all my whole life, to know that after tomorrow I'll never be back here anymore." 15. "I suppose you are quite a great lawyer?" I said after looking at him for some time. 16. I asked him what he would answer when his son, on growing up, reproached him for bringing him into the world. 17. On reaching tile bottom of the stairs I turned towards the Transept Kitchen. 18. On receiving Soames's card, Jolyon said to the maid,... "Show him into the study, please."
B. 1. Bowen admired him very much for telling that story. 2. She said to me, "I should like to thank you for joining us on this occasion." 3. Perhaps in years to come they would
thank their old father for having taken them to foreign climes before their attitude to these could be vitiated as his own had been. 4. I shall never forget taking this exam. 5. Do forgive
me for talking so endlessly. 6. And now a few reasons for my going to Africa. 7. Ajali testifies to finding Golly's dead body. 8. I felt extreme irritation with Hugo for having put me in
the position of being disloyal to the Hospital. 9. I felt pain and indignation at having to ask Mrs. Tincham questions about Finn. 10. Lady Muriel disapproved with particular
strength of my leaving my wife in London. 11. Roy once accused me of disliking him.
IV. Comment on the use of the -ing form. It could be a gerund, a verbal noun:
1. You will not think it unsuitable if, before ending my speech, I strike a personal note. 2. Peter and Molly before parting that night had resolved to tell no one of the incident. 3. They had' exchanged addresses before parting. 4. The spending habit is like a dope with some women. 6. All he was doing was puttig on an act of listening and nodding. 6. This was the speech he had prepared before coming. 7. Excuse me for coming late. 8. I don't really feel violent, even after my four years training in dreadful deeds. 9. My surgical training lies many years behind me. 10. But he couldn't think what it was his uncle had said or told him and then he forgot that he had remembered even the having been told, sitting in the chair himself now before the hearth... .11. Life was striving, yes, but they were striving all wrongly. 12. Then there might be some hope of awakening. 13. On awakening with daylight, a trickling of water caught my ear. 14. And he was such an expert in the art of modern living. 15. Majorcans seldom commit crimes (unless smuggling be so regarded...). 16. He has now perfected his method of trading. 17. He has seen pot-making all his life. 18. But he much prefers writing to typing because he is a bad typist and a good writer. 19. We arrived to "an understanding. 20. They were so convinced we would understand that we were ashamed for not understanding. 21. She was broken down by his heightened understanding, as he came near to death. 22. Margaret seemed notwithstanding to hear Susie's sobbing. 23. "The next thing he'll buy me will be a diving suit." 24. He didn't look like much, but when he got to talking people listened. 25. The arrangements were not of my making. 26. Before answering, the Boss stepped back to the chair and sank into it. 27. Mr. Wog said something about weaving. 28. The dressing station was on the Austrian side of the river. 29. My face went hot, and I started mumbling and stammering. 30. Sometimes she thinks she is a fraud, that she is acting a part, that all her life is acting. 31. "Well," he said, "that's the end of my writing career." 32. I practice spear-throwing. 33. She begins to be critical of his broken nails, his too long hair, his bad shaving. 34. The gathering of the people had been no threat to him. 35.1 licked my hand for I had scratched it in falling. 36. There was a door. He stood and listened. He could hear two people's breathing. 37. Preedy, in the act of passing, stopped and turned. 38. In passing between them Мог felt a shock. 39. Without my knowing, he took a flat for me in Dolphin Square. 40. The cheers were drowned by a most frantic booing. 41. James was not in the habit of blaming, praising, drawing deductions or generalizing about such things.
THE PARTICIPLE
I. Identify Participle I, define its form, verbal and adjective-adverbial properties:
1. The sharks were there, but keeping their distance. 2. Isadora remained standing. 3. And I watched them, rather foolish and apart, not being able to understand what they said. 4. And many were interested in her, being so pretty and having money. 5. Having secured his law degree, he was now embarking on a prosperous business career. 6. You never see him bolting his food or having to run for a bus. 7. "Have you missed us, Jon?" Little Jon nodded, and having thus admitted his feelings, continued to nod. 9. I could see the decision being taken. 9. What always puzzles him are letters referring to two different subjects, or to new subjects. 10. "We will put them (bicycles) back in the same street after a few days," Barbara said, having been bidden by her father not to steal. 11. The ship's band did not play in the morning, it being Sunday. 12. There being no Lutheran minister aboard the Caplan assumed leadership of religious observances suitable to the day. 13. But Merissa, as Angela thanked her, concomitantly gathered her books, having been reading in the light of television. 14. The managing director having completed his exposition, Soames directed his gaze at the pink face of dosey old Mother gill. 15. Lying in the hospital with his rotting wound, he dictated his farewell letter to his brother.
II. Find out in which cases Participle I expresses an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb; and in which cases it denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb:
1. There were two or three basking sharks and a decent-sized tiger wandering around near the silver bottom. 2. Just then Celia Rudbeck comes out of her grass hut, carrying a sketch book and a folding chair. 3. Walking east, on that bright cheerful day, nothing struck him so much as the fact that he was alive, well, and at work. 4. In the meantime, having lived with my paintings, I propose to die with them. Б. He tossed in bed all through the night... Awakening late he came down after nine o'clock. 6. He was suffering badly, being very sensitive in the ear. 7. He broke off, observing their blank faces. 8. Knocking once, he opened the front door. 9. I felt dirty and uncomfortable, not having washed or shaved. 10. Living this lonely life, Mrs. Gange got into the habit of talking loud to herself. 11. I believe I was turning about in search of Uriah's picture, when, a door at the farther end of the room opening, a gentleman entered. 12. Having opened the door to her, he said, "Oh, it's you." 13. She 'is nervous of the instrument (telephone), especially when addressing any kind of official. 14. Dunkan Trice was not there, having sent word that he had been urgently detained in the town. 16. Rising, he went down to the parlour. 16. When J got to the ground, I went round the corner into the next staircase, as if looking for somebody, and walked slowly up. 17. They tell me she's never at home now; your uncle Jolyon he doesn't like it, I fancy, being left so much alone as he is. 18. Ben thought the boy was afraid they would be caught doing something wrong. 19. The clergyman had taken longer than Jones to work out what Salter had just said, but having done so he saw no reason for delaying his response to it. 20. She saw, at last, the very dark blue Mercedes coming through the gate. 21. Old Blore ... is seen coming across the station from his house. 22. Be that as it may, his funeral had been perfect, and coming away from it Soames Forsyte made almost mechanically for his Uncle Timothy's house. He had no alpenstock, nothing. But having come safely to rest, he began to walk on in the illuminated darkness. Preedy had forgotten that Ada was on the beach, and seeing her he stopped. 25. Syson, having seen the account, did not even tell Clarry about it for another three days.
III. Comment on the use of the Perfect and Non-Perfect Participle I. Try to find out which temporal or phasal relationship they express. Motivate your answer:
1. Returning to London after Margaret's flight, Arthur Burdon had thrown himself again into the work which for so long had been his only solace. 2. Gregorio's footsteps
could be heard retreating unhurriedly down the stairs. 3. In the most extraordinary way, I found myself thinking about Elizabeth again, having only a moment before dismissed her from my mind. 4. And it seemed that, having accepted a direction, she was farther along than I. 5. He rose hearing her, she still weeping, and the others formed a procession behind and set out toward the bridge. 6. But having heard with great interest the argument between Kate and Ackroyd, he decided to hedge. 7. This being my natural attitude, I don't know what made me turn sharply south and cross a state line to take a look at Yellowstow. 8. Having jerked his head towards his mistress, he went on to shake it slightly. 8. But Eleanor attaches more importance to these things than I do, her daily life being so bounded by the house, and I resolved to make no difficulties. 9. Later some half dozen letters for his uncle having been put in the key-box, Katterer called Clyde's attention to them. 10. About the midst of May the snow there is cleared, having two months been melting. 11. ...which (=the sea) no one entered until May, or even June, it being cold in the spring. 12. "But I would rather do for a single gentleman, they giving less trouble though eating more." 13. He would also make a good husband, there being no doubt of this because above all he was kind and attentive. 14. I turned back not knowing where to go. 15. "You know them as well as I, and knowing them, Dr John, it really amazes me that you should not repose the frankest confidence in her fidelity. 16. Val regarded (Soames) round-eyed, never having known his uncle to express any sort of feeling. 17. All those we had spoken to coming in, we regretted going out. 18. Arriving at the London Transport barrier, he gave up his Western Region ticket. 19. So next evening I went out and there was a chap, waiting. 20. Kitty watched them dispassionately, like a nurse waiting for an epileptic tocome out of a fit. 21. Taking down the menu at the service table, he ordered himself a dozen oysters. 22. Having taken a cup of tea from his mother, he remarked that birds were gelling wild already, covert was so sparse, and there was silence, 23. I know, having spent a little time there, that it's quite a cosy region they live in. 24. Then, having done these wrong and silly things, she would stand stained, sickened and empty, in the kitchen door, and say.... 25. You know my hoy lias been bad lately with awful pains in his stomach and not being due to ice-cream I have been afraid of appendicitis. 26. "I wish I could be-of use to you." "You are, just silling here. It's been an awful day." 27. I had been out all the afternoon and coming in, found myself in the midst of the seething mob. 28. The cars would be all right with their good metal-to-metal brakes and anyway, coming down, they would not be loaded.
IV. Comment on the use of Participle I Passive. Mark the dual cases. Point out the temporal and aspective meanings of the word underlined:
1. Next to the Divorce Court, this court was, perhaps, the favourite emporium of justice, libel, breach of promise, and other commercial actions being frequently decided there. 2. Over his cigar Dartie peered round at Bossinney, who was sitting with his arms crossed, staring straight in front of him, and on his face the look of a man being tortured. 3. One woman in a tattered fur coat, an old woman, who had clung and was causing a block, being tapped on the shoulder by the policeman, at once turned on him and began to scream abuse. Being left alone Paulina and I kept silence for some time. Being dressed, I went down, not travel-worn and exhausted, but tidy and refreshed. 6. Savely ensconced, being driven to their hotel, they thought themselves pioneers in discovering the privacy. 7. And it was just such nervous and hysterical "cancer" cases who, having been told by their doctors that there was nothing wrong with them, were likely to come, in despair, to Pant's Road and demand treatment. 8. Four or five times they passed corpses being carried down the trenches as they went up. 9. That evening having been officially released, Ginger Ted went to the Controleur's house.
10. Mrs. Bramwell's "evening" began at nine o'clock, the late hour being chosen out of consideration for the medical gentlemen who might be detained at their surgeries. 11. He
took his walks in the Public Park, climbing to the upland being severely forbidden. 12. The Rev. Mr. Syson having been sentenced to six months in jail had his eye cut by a
broken bottle as they tried to smuggle him out of court by a back way. 13. Anyhow, we didn't see him again for a week, he being confined to his bed with a chill on the liver, 14. The
work being finished, the two girls... brushed the shreds and threads from their dresses and went into the shop. 15. He inquired hurriedly whether Mrs. Forsyte was at home and
being informed that she was not, heaved a sigh of relief. 16. Freddy Malines’ left hand accepted the glass mechanically, his right hand being engaged in the mechanical re
adjustment of his dress. 17. He did well at school, being interested in poetry, Latin, and languages. 18. And so conflict also disappeared from the novel, being replaced by subjective struggles, sexual intrigues, or abstract discussion.19. Euphemia went off into her silent laugh, and, ending the squeak, said, as though being strangled, "Oh, you’ll kill me, auntie." 20. The chaise soon came round to the front of the shop, and the baskets being put in first, I was in next, and those three followed.
THE VOICE
I. Comment on the use of Non-Passive verbs in groups I-IV. Comment on the use of the Passive Voice forms in Group VI. Translate the examples and compare the use of the Voice forms in Russian and English. Comment on the use of the form ‘be + Participle II’. In which sentences it is a passive voice form:
I. "You think I'm talking a lot of nonsense but I know you are living a lot of nonsense. 2. I can't stand it to think my life is going so fast and I'm not really living it. 3. Georgette smiled that wonderful smile. 4. This gang being responsible for riot in Lilmouth on 4th when four buses burnt and private cars wrecked.
II. 1. It says I shall have the money in this contract.2. Dada drank and money always owed. 3. She sat beside Lyon identifyingwith the cast rather than the audience. 4. The place was filling up. 5. That year Paris was crawling with Americans. 6. The rest doesn't translate very well. 7. Do you know my picture is playing in London? 8. "Is there jazz taking place in this city tonight?" "Yeah, I reckon so..." "Take me where it's being played."
III. 1. She had taken the flat four weeks ago. The house held six flats. 2. As she told the story, it seemed to F. Jasmine that Berenice resembled a strange queen. 3. I have enough tobacco to last me four days. 4. How many days has February? 5. The atlas contains forty maps. 6. In them (= reasons) is contained the seed of one of the many tragedies that seemed
to find in Isadora the light of their bitter inspiration.
IV. 1. There was a mirror above the telephone table and in it he saw himself. 2. He looked round the attic, telling himself that he was seeing it for the last time. 3. Still fuming, Thurston allowed himself to be led into the dining-room. 4. He parked himself in the chair opposite my desk. 5. But I’m all: right this morning because I can shut myself off by thinking about Ingrid. 6. Haldane arose at seven Sunday morning 'and took almost an hour to shave twice, trim his nails and toenails, shower, soap, rinse, resoap, rerinse, dry himself, splash his face with aftershave lotion and dry his hands on his bare chest.
V. 1. The wedding! What could have been more singular? I had asked no questions of course; but then on the other hand / had been asked none. 2. Roger failed to understand his drift. Somebody else was introduced and introduced somebody else. 3. They saw but were not seen, as if safe behind a one-way mirror. 4. A terrible joke had been played upon him, and he was the one who had played it.
VI. 1. (a) She looked displeased and told me she had been sent to fetch in Rozanna who was late for dinner, (b) He ate half of what he had been sent, (c) I'd been sent for already. 2. Caroline was also still being talked about. 3. I'll bet Dunbar is that evil fellow who really does all those nasty things you're always being blamed for. 4. The manager was again appealed to and at his wits' end sent for the sheriff. 5. I could feel we were being looked at. 6. "I am being looked after." The Connor girls were Protestants, but well thought of. The second course (version) was decided on.
VII. 1. In the spring of 1925 Hemingway was approached by two American publishers. 2. I say Bell was a brave and good man to go on at all after he'd been threatened and after he found he couldn't find any protection. 3. "You'// be paid all right and paid well too. 4. I was shown it. 5. We were kept busy most of the time. 6. At Cambridge he had won his chess blue and was esteemed the best whist player of his-time. He blushed no longer with embarrassment but in anger;
he had walked here in good faith and was being made a fool. I'm not prepared to have people think that I'm being made a fool of.
VIII. 1. She began to say again I must not mind the letters. They had been written before that day of the accident. 2. She looked at him reading the little book whose yellowish pages she knew, without knowing what was written on them. It was small, it was closely printed. 3. Old Aunt Latter wouldn't give her a candle at night because she'd been spoilt. . . . And Nina agreed with her. She knew she was spoilt. 4. But just when I thought I was finished there was a silence and I heard a voice I knew. 5. But within a quarter of an hour he was perfectly dressed, in every detail, and at my service. 6. Place was occupied by lady volunteer in charge, Miss Slocomb. 7. Mayor goes out to address crowd and is received by noise like fourteen lunatic asylums...8. Head Office is worried.9. You could see she was pretty near worried to death. 10. I hope you are not being troubled by this rubbish. 11. When
the business was done and the notes packed into their envelopes and locked away in Mr. Webster’s bag, the Baron said... 12. When I was asked about it I was content to smile and shrug
my shoulders.
II. Comment on the use of the verb forms. Say whether the verb form in italics is a verbal predicate expressed by a Passive verb or a free syntactical combination:
А. 1. Two globeshaped china dishes were brought in by a page. 2. They are made of rare sapphires, which were brought out of India a thousand years ago. 3. One of them was from Lord Henry, and had been brought by hand that morning. 4. When Dorian had finished the letter, he felt that he had been forgiven. 5. As he was sitting at breakfast next morning, Basil Hallward was shown into the room. 6. A black screen was drawn across his mirror of inner vision, and fancy lay in a darkened sickroom where entered no ray of light. 7. "While the drinks were being prepared, he observed his hostess more closely. 8. All over the district people were dining and supping; working-men were gardening after the labours of the day, children were being put to bed, young people were wandering through the lanes love-making, students sat over their books. 9. So they were called in and Pa Hartly made a little speech founded on the style of old General Shooter. 10. But she was beaten by the economic factor — by the economic factor and the child. 11. Put ashes on your head because Cordelia was strangled. 12. The ordinary traffic had been stopped, I believe, in order to allow of the passage of troops and guns to Chertsey. 13. After he became a full-blown solicitor, at the age of twenty-four, a family council was held. 14. I failed to find Lord Hilton at his house, but / was told he was expected from London by the six o'clock train from Waterloo. 15. The girl, I am told, is beautiful. 16. A week before his wedding he was allowed a banking account for the first time of his life. Papa paid in £ 200, and, by arrangement with George Augustus, dear Mamma was made to believe it was £ 20.He told me that during the night the Martians had been surrounded by troops and that guns were expected. 19. It was a few minutes past nine that night when these three sentinels were joined by four other Martians, each carrying a thick black tube. 20. No one would have believed in the last years of the nineteenth century, that human affairs were being watch ed keenly and closely by intelligences greater than man's and yet as mortal as his own; that as men busied themselves about their affairs they were scrutinized and studied.
B. I. "I am waited for in Egypt," said the swallow. 2. We all know how you are run after in London. 3. At ten the servants were fold to call Sir Pitt and the household to prayers. 4. Dobbin took from this desk the letter which he had been charged by Mr. Osborne to deliver to his son. 5. Ghopper had been instructed to make out an account of all sums paid to Captain Osborne within the last three years. 6. Not a word had been spoken, and not a word was spoken for a long time. 7. "That means," he said after a long look at his wife, "that means she is in love."— "No, but she is loved," was the smiling rejoinder. 8. And I can assure you that the wording of this letter made it quite apparent that / had been chosen to replace Denny. 9. Then he was told that his mamma was an orphan and quite alone in the world when his papa had married her. 10. Rawdon was denied the door by Mr. Bowls. 11. A watch was glanced at and there arose cries of surprise at the afternoon's flight. 12. Accordingly, about three in the afternoon of this same Monday, Clyde was sent for. 13. The wages of those worthy people were discharged with that punctuality which men frequently show who only owe in great sums.
TIME CORRELATION
I. Comment on the verb forms in italics and their categorial meanings (Tense, Time Correlation, Aspect):
I.1. Susan opened her mouth to say something, but before she could speak Lady Camilla had walked from the room. 2. I had not been pulling for more than a minute or so, when George noticed something black floating on the water.... 3. I had a severe cold last week but I've got over it now. 4. Hi1 was staying at Bertram's, and had reserved his room for four days. 5. This expedition was just starting when Hubert got to Lima. 6. It was a complete cut. Dinny has never spoken of it since, but I'm afraid she'// never forget. 7. Then she took up a book which had been lying beside her on the bench, and began to read it. 8. It was a glorious night. The moon had sunk and left the quiet earth alone with the stars. 9. Everybody is talking about Mrs. Cheveley. 10. He stepped off the track, dumped his cases on the ground, and stretched himself full length on the grass. 11. When will they be coming home? 12. I have been looking forward to meeting you ever since Arthur told us. 13. "You know, Bevy," he said. "I have been thinking of your London idea, and it appeals to me very much." 14. He had been looking two minutes at the fire, and I had been looking the same length of time at him, when, turning suddenly, he caught my gaze.... 15. When two young people have been nearly three weeks together on board a ship, they do not know each other half so well as they think they do! 16. Still, as I say, I've seen something of this kind of thing and it frightens me. 17. You wanted to see me, I hear. 18. I remember once at Bath, years ago, losing in the Pump Room an exceedingly handsome cameo bracelet that Sir John had given me. 19. I'm on my way there. I'm catching a plane this evening. 20. Aren't you coming in, Robert? 21. Bob looked round him, at the suitcases and zip bags. He was faced with a problem. He wouldn't be able to see Joan before flying Ali out. There wouldn't be time to get to the dam and back.
II. Give the categorial meaning of the verb forms in italics. Say which particular grammatical meaning they express. Motivate your answers:
1. And as I entered the room she turned and looked at me. 2. One man after another took off his hat as she passed. 3. He stood there, swaying unsteadily on his thin legs. 4. Elvira Blake looked up at the sky, noted that it was a fine morning and went into a telephone box. 5. When she opened the door of the room, he stood upon the threshold and looked about him in amazement. 6. He thought of the old stag while he wandered around. 7. The June grass, amongst which I stood, was taller than I was, and I wept. 8. And then he proceeded to find his place in the church service. When the music began, he stood up and looked across at his mother, smiling. 9. Lanny stretched himself and waited. Lanny picked up his cases and walked along the sandy track. 10. A pang of fear gripped fanny's heart but he kept on. 11. He proposed to me last night in the music-room. 12. Tommy has proposed to me again. 
13. I have come back sane, I have been sane for three months now. 14. Lady Chiltern, I have sometimes thought that... perhaps you are a little hard in some of your views on life. 16. I don't think I’ve spoken to anybody else since you've been away, except one small boy and the cook. 16. Ever since I saw her there... I have been able to think of nothing else. 17. Nothing has happened and nothing is going to happen. 13- He has been asleep most of the day and seems less exhausted. 19. I have always felt rather guilty when I came to see your aunt, for I take no interest at all in the East End. 20. Julia climbed the trees with ease, she had climbed trees all her life. 21. Unfortunately, however, I made no inquiries of any kind till after I had been actually married four or five months. 22. We had insisted at all the shops we had been to that the things should be sent with us then and there. 23.'Here was a woman she had never seen till the day before, though she had seen plenty of newspaper photographs of her. Yesterday, for the first time she had seen her in the flesh. 24. And when June's mother died, six years ago, Jo had married that woman, and they had two children now.... 25. The dog-cart is waiting, sir. 26. Oh, Gertrude, do you know who is coming to see you? 27. We are starting for India at the end of the month. 28. Robert and I are dining at home by ourselves to-night. 29. Cannon Pennyfather passed out through the door while his friend, looking after him, was just saying: "But my dear chap, to-day is the 19-th, isn't it?" 30. He was always either running to keep up with the rest of us or sitting alone in the mud. 31. But then, I had no idea of what he was hearing. No two listeners hear the same piece of music. 32. She was always saying things which made him uncomfortable. 33. You will remember what I said to you, won't you? 34. This old man will be leaving soon, but you will stay on. 35. As I wandered through Kennington, all that had happened to me there seemed like a dream, and what had happened to me in the States was the reality.
III. Mark the cases of oppositional neutralization ‘Continuous :: Non-Continuous’ and comment on each of them:
1. "Have you been here long?" she asked. "A couple of hours." 2. For ever since he had been among them, he had been trying to appear as much of a man of the world as they were. 3. They had not gone far before they could smell the terrifying smell. 4. Lady Chiltern goes to the top of the staircase and looks down at them as they descend. Б. My dear Racrlei, you have had him to yourself for over twenty years. Why not let me have him for a little now? 6. For the fraction of an instant only, while all these things in him now spoke, he hesitated.... 7. There was rain in my shoes, and mother had disappeared. 8. As they neared the gate, a man who stood with his hat in his hand made a step forward. 9. Then came the
sudden and dramatic news that Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor. 10. The man had been there for years, and is well-known to the manager of the hotel. 11. While she tossed and muttered, he sat by and waited. 12. She fastened at her throat a small turquoise brooch that had been her mother's.
IV. Mark the cases of oppositional neutralization ‘Perfect :: Non-Perfect’:
1. No sooner was he outside than she rang the bell again. 2. She said your son Bevis married her six years ago in London. 3. I've heard of him ever since I was born, and he was known I long before that. 4. It arrived with the second bus, about j three minutes after I arrived. 5. By the time, the story was finished he looked quite serious. 6. And after the store was I closed that evening, they sat in the back room and talked together until midnight. 7. ...It was already dark-before I got into Lymstock. 8. Lord Warbeck was lying on a sofa drawn up close to the fire. He had been dozing, but started into life at the sound of the opening door. A flush .came to his pale cheeks and he sat up as he realized who the newcomer was. 10. Good-bye. I 'm very glad I met you. 11. The old woman I fell into his arms and clung to him. 12. A bell rang and he made a leap away before Cedric had time to speak. 13. The Earl I leaned back in his chair and stared. 14. "I was just talking to my sister," said Nick. "We were discussing our childhood."
V. Say which of the word-combinations with shall/will can be analytical forms and which should be interpreted as free modal word-combinations: