Shall we read it now. Нам сейчас (следует) читать это?
Exercises
1. Read and translate the following sentences and make them negative or interrogative:
- 1. There is a map here.
- 2. There is no blackboard in this room.
- 3. There are some pictures on the wall.
- 4. Are there any students in this room?
- 5. There are no notebooks on the table.
- 6. There are three windows and a door in my room.
- 7. Is there a piano there?
- 8. There is much air and light in that hall.
- 9. There are many trees in this park.
- 10. In his room there are some chairs, a table and a bed.
2. Insert little, a little, few, a few, much, many:
- 1. There are (мало) students in this classroоm now.
- 2. Just (несколько) students are present at the lecture.
- 3. (Многие) students are in the hall now.
- 4. They work (много) every day.
- 5. They like to chat (немного) when the lectures are over.
- 6. They study (много).
- 7. They study (много) subjects.
- 8. They work (немного) on their weekends.
- 9. They read (мало) English books.
- 10. There are (мало) students in the Institute now.
3. Translate into English:
- 1. Здесь много книг.
- 2. Здесь мало света.
- 3. В этом зале много стульев.
- 4. В этой комнате много мебели.
- 5. На столе много книг.
- 6. В нашем городе много театров.
- 7. В этом зале всего несколько картин.
- 8. На столе несколько тетрадей.
- 9. В стакане немного молока.
- 10. На полу много бумаги.
4. Translate these sentences into Russian:
- 1. There will be a meeting here.
- 2. There will be some new English books in our library.
- 3. There will be work for her as well.
- 4. There will be a new computer class at our department.
- 5. There will be a lecture here.
- 6. There will be a lot of people in the theatre tonight.
5. Choose between it is/there is in the spaces. In some sentences, negative and interrogative forms are required:
1. What’s the time? - __ __7.30 p.m. - And what’s the date? - __ the 15th.
2. Come on, baby! __time to get up! __nearly dinner time.
3. __very stormy last week. - Yes, __ storms all over the country.
4. __a lot of rain last night. __pools everywhere.
5. __a garage near the hotel? - Yes, but__rather full. I’m not sure__room for your car.
6. Has Nicholas any more children? - Yes.__a daughter, Polly by name. - __Polly who opened the door to us yesterday in the evening,__?
7. They’ve done all they can. __nothing to do now but wait.
8. __not necessary to carry your passport everywhere with you but__advisable to have some document of identity.
9. __lunch time when you get to London, so you can have your lunch there.
§ 2. ВИДО-ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
Indefinite Forms
Времена группы Indefinite употребляются для сообщения о действии, которое произошло, происходит или будет происходить, когда ничего не говорится о том, является ли действие длительным или нет, закончено оно или нет.
Present Indefinite
| Утвердительная форма | |||
| I We You They She He | Форма Present Indefinite совпадает с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to, кроме формы 3-го лица единственного числа, к которой прибавляется окончание -s (-es). | I go/walk We go/walk You go/walk They go/walk She goes/walks He goes/walks | |
| Отрицательная форма | |||
| I We You They | do not (don’t) | Инфинитив смыслового глагола без to. | I do not (don’t) go/walk She does not (doesn’t) go/walk He does not (doesn’t) go/walk We do not (don’t) go/walk |
| She He | does not (doesn’t) | You do not (don’t) go/walk They do not (don’t) go/walk |
| Вопросительная форма | |||
| Do | I we you they | Инфинитив смыслового глагола без to. | Do I go/walk? Do we go/walk? Do you go/walk? Do they go/walk |
| Does | she he | Does she go/walk? Does he go walk? |
Past Indefinite
| Утвердительная форма | |||
| I She He We You They | Правильные глаголы образуют Past Indefinite с помощью суффикса -еd, а неправильные имеют особые формы, которые следует заучивать. | I went/walked She went/walked Не went/walked We went/walked You went/walked They went/walked | |
| Отрицательная форма | |||
| I She He They | did not (didn’t) | Инфинитив смыслового глагола без to. | I did not (didn’t) go/walk She did not (didn’t) go/walk He did not (didn’t) go/walk We did not (didn’t) go/walk You did not (didn’t) go/walk They did not (didn’t) go/walk |
| Вопросительная форма | |||
| Did | I she he we you they | Инфинитив смыслового глагола без to. | Did I go/walk? Did she go/walk? Did he go/walk? Did we go/walk? Did you go/walk? Did they go/walk? |
Future Indefinite
| Утвердительная форма | |||
| I We | shall/ will (‘ll) | Инфинитив смыслового глагола без to. | I shall go/walk We shall go/walk |
| She He You They | will (‘ll) | She will go/walk He will go/walk You will go/walk They will go/walk |
| Отрицательная форма | |||
| I We | shall not (shan’t) | Инфинитив смыслового глагола без to. | I shall not (shan’t) go/walk She will not (won’t) go/walk |
| She They | will not (won’t) | He will not (won’t) go/walk We shall not (shan’t) go/walk You will not (won’t) go/walk They will not (won’t) go/walk | |
| Вопросительная форма | |||
| Shall (win) | I we | Инфинитив смыслового глагола без to. | Shall/will I go/walk? Shall/will we go/walk? |
| Will | she he you they | Will she go/walk? Will he go/walk? Will you go/walk? Will they go/walk? |
Употребление
видо-временных форм Indefinite
| Present Indefinit употребляется: | |
| а) Для выражения обычного или периодически повторяющегося действия или состояния | The shop closes at 5 p.m. Магазин закрывается в 5 часов вечера. Не plays chess very well. Он очень хорошо играет в шахматы. |
| б) Для выражения действия, которое совершается в момент речи вместо Present Continuous с глаголами, которые не употребляются во временах Continuous | Don’t you see that I am watching the TV-set? Разве ты не видишь, что я смотрю телевизор? I know what I am doing. Я знаю, что делаю. |
| в) Вместо Future Indefinite с глаголами, выражающими заранее запланированное действие. Большей частью это глаголы, обозначающие движение, например: to go идти, to come приходить, to leave покидать, to start начинать и т.д | I leave at 11.30 tomorrow Я уезжаю завтра в 11.30 вечера. The boys start school next Monday У мальчиков начинаются занятия в следующий понедельник. |
| г) Для выражения будущего действия в придаточных обстоятельственных времени и условия. Эти придаточные предложения вводятся союзами: when, if, unless, till, until, before, as soon as, while | If London airport is clear of fog we’ll land there. Если в Лондонском аэропорту не будет тумана, мы приземлимся там. I’ll stay here till Tom comes back. Я побуду здесь, пока не вернется Том. |
| Past Indefinite употребляется: | |
| а) Для обозначения действия, совершившегося в прошлом. Время совершения действия часто определяется наречиями времени, обозначающими прошедшее время: yesterday, three days ago, last week, last month, in 1992 и т.д. | She sold her car two days ago (yesterday, last week, last month). Она продала машину два дня назад (вчера, на прошлой неделе, в прошлом месяце). |
| б) Для выражения нескольких действий, непосредственно следовавших одно за другим | That morning he got up early, had his breakfast and went to the Institute where he spent half of the day. В то утро он встал рано, позавтракал и пошел в институт, где провел половину дня. |
| в) В вопросе, который начинается с вопросительного when | When did you meet her? Когда вы с ней встречались? |
| Future Indefinite употребляется: | |
| а) Для выражения действия, которое относится к будущему времени | I will/shall answer all the letters this evening. Я отвечу на все письма сегодня вечером. |
| б) Для выражения будущего действия, которое всегда повторяется, или для выражения общеизвестных истин | Spring will come again and birds will build nests. Снова придет весна, и птицы будут вить гнезда. |
Примечания: 1. Эквивалентом будущего времени со значением намерения является to be going + инфинитив глагола:
I am not going to discuss this.
Я не собираюсь (не буду) это обсуждать.
2. Вспомогательный глагол shall используется с 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа в британском варианте английского языка редко.
Глагол shall выражает значение модальности следует
Shall we read it now. Нам сейчас (следует) читать это?
Exercises
1. Make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences in the Present Indefinite Tense from these notes:
- Murphy/the Research and Development Department/work/at.
- Whitney/the Board of Directors/not/be/on.
- Williams/not/understand/arguments/Eldridge’s.
- You/plans/have/development/of?
- We/know/not/why/products/our/not/sell.
- Davis/be/the Marketing Department/in charge of.
- When/my/want/you/report?
2. Open the brackets using the appropriate (Present or Past Indefinite) verb form:
1. Five years ago this company (to manufacture) only bicycles.
2. They always (to sell) most of their products on the home market and (to export) some of them to Africa.
3. In 1999 foreign competition (to increase) and sales (to drop) sharply.
4. Last year they (to plan) to get a loan from the Bank and as the company (to enjoy) a high reputation, they (to have) no difficulty in getting one.
5. As a rule, this customer (to buy up) our complete stock.
6. Sometimes he (to publish) his articles in the Financial Times.
7. They (to spend) this money on development and so they (to begin) the production of motorcycles a few weeks ago.
8. Smallcrown (to be) a smaller company last year.
3. Add tag-questions to these statements according to the patterns:
| Patterns: | The second meal of the day is lunch, isn’t it? Let’s ask the teacher to repeat the task, shall we? There was no house around, was there? |
1. In England tea is more popular than coffee, ______?
2. The English don’t eat soup for breakfast, ______?
3. Most of school children eat their lunch at school, ________________?
4. Usually there are eggs on the breakfast table of an English family, ______?
5. The movie that we saw last Sunday was quite interesting, ______?
6. You won’t be angry with me if I suggest something, ______?
7. There isn’t usually any fish for an English breakfast, ______?
8. Let’s read the novel that the teacher mentioned, ______?
9. Rice isn’t part of an English breakfast, ______?
10. He will offer her to help take her luggage to the station in his car, ______?
4. Read the statements. Ask two questions based on the statement according to the pattern:
| Pattern: | Mr and Mrs Davis and their three children live in Green Street. Where do Mr and Mrs Davis and their three children live? In what street do Mr and Mrs Davis and their three children live? |
1. They are going to buy a new house because the old one is too small for them.
What _________________?
Why __________________?
2. Mr Davis works at the marketing department.
Where ______________?
At what kind of department ________?
3. The two eldest children leave home at 8.15 in the morning because they have to go to school.
At what time ________?
Why _______________?
4. The youngest girl stays at home with her mother because she’s too young to go to school.
Where ____________?
Why _______________?
5. Molly Davis goes to the elementary school.
Who _____________?
Where _________________?
6. Tom Davis sometimes goes to school by Metro because his school is rather far from his house.
How _____________?
Why ________________?
7. Little Kitty Davis plays with the neighbours’ children in the park for an hour or two each morning.
Who _______________ with?
When ______________?
Where ___________________?
8. Mrs Davis takes Kitty with her when she goes shopping.
Who(m) ___________________?
When ____________________?
9. She buys meat at the supermarket every Saturday.
What ________________?
Where _________________?
On what day of the week __________?
10. Kitty ran away from her mother in the grocery last Saturday.
When _________________?
Who _____________?
Where ____________?
5. Put questions about the italicised words of the following sentences:
- 1. My father didn’t like my bridegroom at first sight.
- 2. Chaucer, the greatest English poet of the 14th century, died in 1400.
- 3. I’ll meet you at the news-stand near the platform.
- 4. Ten minutes later Margaret was on her way out to telephone Mrs Welsh.
- 5. In a while we went out to have our eleven-o’clock coffee break.
- 6. I usually had dinner at the university club.
- 7. On the very first night of my arrival he went to Gatsby’s house.
- 8. Joe is no more a bachelor, last week he got married.
- 9. He will take our son to a mountain camp.
- 10. She speaks French very fluently.
6. Turn the following into the Past or Future Indefinite tense. Make all the necessary changes:
- 1. We like our holidays in Scotland.
- 2. He walks all day without being tired.
- 3. My sister lives in a quiet little place in Norway.
- 4. They play football every day during their holidays.
- 5. Lucy buys her dresses in this shop.
- 6. These girls play tennis very well.
- 7. John thinks a lot about his work.
- 8. The students sing such songs at the concert.
- 9. Bill pays one hundred twenty-six pounds and gets a good suit.
- 10. Mother cooks breakfast early in the morning.
7. Fill in the blanks with one of the Indefinite tenses:
- 1. We__Stratford-upon-Avon during our stay in Britain last year (visit).
- 2. He__not__to take part in the coming competitions (want).
- 3. In six years she__a fully qualified physician (become).
- 4. They__their plan only two years ago (carry out).
- 5. When__you__your job (finish)?
- 6. She__her work as an interpreter (like).
- 7. She__the first road on the right and it__the shortest way to the village (take, be).
- 8. I__busy on Saturday and__not__to go with him to the country (be, be able).
- 9. We__to a dance last night, but we__not__ourselves much (go, enjoy).
- 10. Perhaps she__your brother on this photo (recognize).
8. Complete the sentences with used to + Infinitive and translate them into Russian.
| Example: | Mr Davis doesn’t smoke any more but he used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day. М-р Дэвис больше не курит, но раньше он обычно (бывало) выкуривал 20 сигарет в день. |
- 1. When I was a child I______coca-cola, but I don’t like it now.
- 2. We live in London now but we______in Manchester.
- 3. Ann______slim and now she looks just like a ball.
- 4. Now we have got a house. We______in a flat.
- 5. I know she doesn’t dance these days but she______ten years ago.
- 6. They aren’t very rich now but they______in the past.
9. Translate into English using used to:
- 1. Когда я работал на этой фирме, я обычно ездил туда на метро.
- 2. Я, бывало, встречал своих коллег по работе либо в поезде, либо на станции.
- 3. Мы обычно приходили в офис вместе.
- 4. Когда я учился в школе, я много ездил на велосипеде.
- 5. Я, случалось, брал с собой видео-камеру.
- 6. Ты обычно писал мне каждую неделю.
- 7. Я обычно отвечала на твои письма в тот же день.
- 8. Обычно я пила по утрам кофе, но сейчас я пью только чай.
- 9. Моя подруга и я имели обыкновение проводить каникулы вместе.
- 10. Мы, бывало, описывали впечатления в нашем дневнике.
10. Translate into English using Indefinite tenses:
1. Когда я пришел туда, ее там не было.
2. Она не сказала ни слова, только бросилась на кровать и заплакала.
3. Я позвоню тебе через несколько дней.
4. Несколько минут спустя Джон вышел из дома с небольшим чемоданом.
5. Мне кажется, что моему отцу не нравится твое поведение.
6. Грамматика любого языка состоит из правил, которые помогают научиться говорить правильно.
7. Чарльз любил повторять: "Вода и мыло стоят дешево. Чтобы быть чистым, не нужно быть богатым".
8. Вы будете смотреть телевизионные программы сегодня вечером?
9. Где Луиза? Она пойдет с нами на концерт?
10. Итак, я передал его слова моим друзьям, и они очень рассердились на него.
Perfect Forms
Времена группы Perfect употребляются:
1) для сообщения о действии, которое закончилось до какого-то определенного момента в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени, но результат этого действия тесно связан с последующим периодом времени;
2) для обозначения действия, которое длилось в течение какого-то времени и все еще продолжается в определенный момент в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.
Present Perfect
| Утвердительная форма | |||
| I We You They | have (‘ve) | Причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II) | I have/’ve gone/walked We have/’ve gone/walked You have/’ve gone/walked They have/’ve gone/walked |
| She He | has (‘s) | She has/’s gone/walked He has/’s gone/walked |
| Отрицательная форма | |||
| I We You They | have not (haven’t) | Причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II) | I have not gone/walked We have not gone/walked You have not gone/walked They have not gone/walked |
| She He | has not (hasn’t) | She has not gone/walked He has not gone/walked | |
| Вопросительная форма | |||
| Have | I we you they | Причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II) | Have I gone/walked? Have we gone/walked? Have you gone/walked? Have they gone/walked? |
| Has | she he | Has she gone/walked? Has he gone/walked? |
Past Perfect
| Утвердительная форма | |||
| I She He We You They | had (‘d) | Причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II) | I had/’d gone/walked She had/’d gone/walked He had/’d gone/walked We had/’d gone/walked You had/’d gone/walked They had/’d gone/walked |
| Отрицательная форма | |||
| I She He We You They | had not (haven’t) | Причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II) | I had not/hadn’t gone/walked She had not/hadn’t gone/walked He had not/hadn’t gone/walked We had not/hadn’t gone/walked You had not/hadn’t gone/walked They had not/hadn’t gone/walked |
| Вопросительная форма | |||
| Had | I she he we you they | Причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола (Participle II) | Had I gone/walked? Had she gone/walked? Had he gone/walked? Had we gone/walked? Had you gone/walked? Had they gone/walked? |
Future Perfect