Derangements and adjustments
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Ведение……………………………………………………………………….. 4
1. Lesson 1. Derangements likely to occur in operation of engines……………5
2. Lesson 2. Wrong fits and clearances……………………………………..… 8
3. Lesson 3. Fuel system defects………………………………………………11
4. Lesson 4. Starting difficulties………………………………………….……15
5. Lesson 5. Engine shipyard repairs…………………………………………..19
6. Lesson 6.Cylinder heads……………………………………………….…...23
7. Lesson 7.Diesel engine maintenance……………………………………….27
8. Lesson 8. Irregularities in operation, causes and remedies I…………..……31
9. Lesson 9.Boilers operation and maintenance………………………………41
10. Lesson 10. Irregularities in operation, causes and remedies II……………46
11. Lesson 11.Pumps…………….……………………………………………48
12. Lesson 12. Air compressor………………………………………….……. 50
Библиографический список………………………………………………… 56 Приложение А. Word and expressions ……………...………...………….… 57
Приложение Б. Useful verbs……………………………………………..….. 59
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Методические указания предназначены для студентов III и IV курсов морских специальностей и состоит из 12-и уроков.
Целью данных методических указания является привитие навыков чтения и понимания литературы по специальности, обучения активному владению языковым материалом, ведению беседы на английском языке в пределах рассматриваемых тем и специальности студентов, которые являются основой для дальнейшего совершенствования навыков беседы на профессиональные темы.
В каждом разделе даны: тексты для просмотрового чтения, список слов и выражений для запоминания, которые рекомендуется использовать в своей речи; примечания к тексту, объясняющие, как правило, трудно переводимые словосочетания; лексико-грамматические упражнения, цель которых отработать специальную лексику.
Система упражнений к урокам включает в себя упражнения, направленные на:
- развитие навыков различных видов чтения;
- усвоение специальной лексики;
- формирование навыков профессиональной устной речи (диалогической и монологической);
- развитие навыков письма.
При составлении упражнений использован коммуникативный принцип, и, следовательно, ситуативность, которые могут возникнуть на судах смешанного плавания.
Lesson 1. DERANGEMENTS LIKELY TO OCCUR IN OPERATION OF ENGINES
Notes:
| 1) upon first sight the Diesel engine is apt to create the impression that... | С первого взгляда может создаться впечатление, что дизель ... |
| 2) ... it should be borne in mind that ... | ... следует иметь в виду, что ... |
| 3) perhaps the most striking difference in the problem of maintenance ... | Вероятно, самое существенное различие в эксплуатации ... |
| 4) the derangements likely to occur in operation and the adjustments required to correct them ... | Неисправности, которые можно встретить в эксплуатации, и необходимые меры для их устранения… |
Upon first sight the Diesel engine is apt to create the impression that it is a very complicated mechanism, but a little analysis will reveal that it is actually more simple than the steam plant. Comparing the two it should be born in mind that the steam engine alone is not a usable machine; to be able to use it we must have a boiler and all the attendant mechanisms, including pumps, piping, water tanks, condenser, etc., and the complete steam plant becomes quite a complicated thing. The Diesel engine, on the other hand, may be arranged so that all of the apparatus required in its operation as a power plant may be attached directly to the engine itself.
Perhaps the most striking difference in the problem of maintenance of the Diesel engine as compared to steam engine maintenance arises from the fact that the steam engine can be allowed to fall, more or less gradually, into a very bad state of disrepair and will continue to run but the Diesel engine must be pretty nearly right or it will not run at all.
DERANGEMENTS AND ADJUSTMENTS
The derangements likely to occur in operation and the adjustments required to correct them may be grouped into the following general classes:
a) Wrong fits and clearances, looseness and tightness of parts.
b) Mechanical defects.
c) Fuel system defects.
d) Combustion defects.
e) Cooling water system defects.
f) Lubricating system defects.
g) Air system defects.
h) Starting difficulties.
i) Operating troubles in general.
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.
1) What impression is the Diesel engine apt to create upon first sight?
2) What should be borne in mind when comparing the Diesel engine and the steam engine?
3) What is the most striking difference in the problem of maintenance of the Diesel as compared to steam engine maintenance?
4) What conditions are necessary to make the Diesel run at all?
Exercise 2. Give the Russian equivalents of the following.
1) Starting difficulties
2) Wrong fits
3) Combustion defects
4) Lubricating system
5) Starting difficulties
Exercise 3. Use the correct words from the text.
1) The Diesel engine may be arranged so the apparatus required in its operation.
2) The most striking difference in the problem of maintenance of the Diesel engine as compared to steam engine maintenance arises from the fact that …
3) The Diesel engine must be pretty nearly right or …
Exercise 4. Translate into English.
1) На первый взгляд дизель может показаться очень сложным механизмом, но небольшой анализ покажет, что в действительности он значительно проще, чем паровая машина с котлом, вспомогательными механизмами, конденсаторами и т. д.
2) Неисправности, которые чаще всего встречаются в эксплуатации, могут быть классифицированы следующим образом:
а) механические дефекты;
b) неправильные зазоры;
с) плохая пригонка и т. д.
3) Если возникнут неисправности во время эксплуатации, следует принять необходимые меры по их устранению.
Exercise 5. Make up a dialogue of your own based on the one given below.
THE ENGINE
A.: What is the power available at the shaft called and how is it measured?
В.: Shaft horsepower, or brake horsepower. It is usually measured by attaching some form of brake to the shaft and measuring the amount of power absorbed by the brake when the engine is running. A second method is to attach an electric generator to the shaft and measure the electrical output of the generator.
A.: Is the mechanical efficiency, or the ratio between brake horsepower and indicated horsepower, the same at all loads?
В.: No. The power absorbed in friction in the engine is the same at all loads and as the engine load decreases the ratio of B.H.P. to I.H.P. decreases.
A.: What auxiliary machinery is usually found in the engine-room of a motorship?
В.: Jacket cooling water pumps, raw water pump, piston cooling pumps, lubricating oil pumps, fuel oil service pumps, bilge and ballast pumps, engine-room bilge pumps, fresh water pump, auxiliary air compressor. Diesel electric generating sets, donkey boiler, evaporator and distiller, boiler and evaporator feed pumps, emergency compressor, ice machine and oil separator.
A.: What auxiliary machinery is used on deck?
В.: Deck winches, anchor windlass, capstans, steering engine, air whistle and lighting system.
A.: How are Diesel engines started?
В.: By running as air motors, on compressed air at medium pressure, until ignition of fuel occurs and operation as a combustion motor starts,
A.: How is the starting air obtained and where is it stored?
В.: By means of a compressor attached to the engine or an auxiliary air compressor driven by a Diesel engine, electric motor or steam engine. It is stored in large tanks, usually suspended under the deck in the engine-room.
A.: From what other source can air for filling the starting tanks be obtained?
В.: On engines of the air injection type the injection air compressor attached to the engine usually has a capacity greater than that required for supplying injection air. The excess air may be by-passed to the starting tanks through a connection provided for that purpose.