Образование отрицательных и вопросительных предложений с модальными глаголами.

Порядок слов утвердительного предложения.

О	П	С	Д	О
Обстоятель- Ство	Подлежащее	Сказуемое	Дополнение (косв.и прям.)	Обстоятель-ство
( At night ) Yesterday	Children All people Sleep An economist He Plans I	Sleep need gives plans must make increase gave	sleep rest. production. plans. production. him a book	long. ( at night ). yesterday.

Сводная таблица времен глаголов английского языка в изъявительном наклонении.

ACTIVE VOICE.

	SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS	PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT	V¹^Ф_(s) ; DO / DOES…V¹^ф	AM / IS / ARE + V –ing	HAVE / HAS + V³^Ф ( -ed )	HAVE / HAS BEEN + V-ing
PAST	V²^Ф_(-ed) ; DID …V¹^ф	WAS / WERE + V –ing	HAD + V³^Ф(-ed)	HAD BEEN + V –ing
FUTURE	WILL + V¹^Ф	WILL BE +V-ing	WILL HAVE + V³^Ф(-ed )	WILL HAVE BEEN + V–ing
FUTURE in the PAST	WOULD +V¹^Ф	WOULD BE + V –ing	WOULD HAVE + V³^Ф	WOULD HAVE BEEN + V-ing
INFINITIVE	TO + V¹^Ф	TO BE + V –ing	TO HAVE + V³^Ф (-ed)	TO HAVE BEEN + V-ing
СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ	КОГДА?; always, often, never, every day	At 5 o`clock; from 4 to 5 p.m.; for 2 hours; today; this week; now, still.	By 5 o`clock; just, already, yet, since, this week; when she came; for	Just, already, yet; by that time + for two hours; since 1990;For an hour + when she came

I ask.

I am asked.

(be) V3ф

-ют,ут,ат,ят, -ся,-сь были, будут

Порядок слов вопросительного предложения.

Типов вопросительных предложений.

1. (There …) There are books on the table. – На столе лежат книги.

2. (to be Present, Past Simple Active Voice) Your flat is comfortable. – Твоя квартира удобная. Your friend is an engineer. – Твой друг – инженер.

3. (V Present, Past Simple Active Voice) You work at a plant. – Ты работаешь на заводе. He works at a plant. – Он работает на заводе. She worked at a plant. – Она работала на заводе.

4. остальные времена. He has been working here for 2 years. – Он работает здесь 2 года.

1. Общий вопрос – вопрос, относящийся ко всему предложению и требующий ответа yes или no.

1.) Is there …?

Are there …?

e.g. Are there any books on the table?

2) to be, to have

Смысловой глагол или глагол-связка	Подлежащее	Именная часть сказуемого	Остальные члены предложения
Is Is	your flat your friend	comfortable? an engineer?

3.) Present Simple, Past Simple A.V.

Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее	Смысловой глагол V1ф	Остальные члены предложения
Do Does Did	you he she	work	at a plant?

4.) остальные случаи

Вспомогательный глагол	подлежащее	Остальная часть сказуемого	Остальные члены предложения
Has	he	been working	here for 2 years?

2.Альтернативный вопрос.

1. Are there books or magazines on the table?

2. Is your flat comfortable or comfortless?

3. Do you work at a plant or at school?

4. Has he been working here for 2 or 3 years?

3. Специальный вопрос- вопрос к какому-либо члену предложения. Начинается с вопросительного слова ( who, what , when, where, why и т.д.).

Вопроситель-ное слово	Основной глагол или глагол-связка	Подлежащее	Именная часть составного сказуемого	Остальные члены предложения
Where How good	are is	there your flat?	books?

Вопроситель-ное слово	Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее	Смысловой глагол V1ф	Остальные члены предложения
Where	do does did	you he she	work?

Вопроситель-ное слово	Вспомогательный глагол	Подлежащее	Остальная часть сказуемого	Остальные члены предложения
How long	has	he	been working	here?

4. Вопрос к подлежащему - сохраняется прямой порядок слов.

Вопросительное слово ( на месте подлежащего)	Сказуемое	Остальные члены предложения
What Who Who	is works has been working	comfortable? at a plant? here for 2 years?

Разделительный вопрос

Подлежащее	Сказуемое	Остальные члены предложения,	Вспомогательный глагол	not	Подлежащее (местоимение)
There Your flat You He She He	are is work works worked has been working	books on the table, comfortable, at a plant, here for 2 years,	are is do does did has	not not not not not not	there? it? you? he? she? he?

PASSIVE VOICE

	SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS	PERFECT
PRESENT	AM / IS / ARE + V³^Ф	AM /IS/ARE BEING+ V³^Ф	HAVE/HAS BEEN + V³^Ф
PAST	WAS / WERE + V³^Ф	WAS/WERE BEING+ V^3Ф	HAD BEEN + V³^Ф
FUTURE	WILL BE + V³^Ф		WILL HAVE BEEN + V³^Ф
FUTURE in the PAST	WOULD BE + V³^Ф		WOULD HAVE BEEN + V³^Ф
INFINITIVE	TO BE + V³^Ф	TO BE BEING + V^3Ф	TO HAVE BEEN + V³^Ф

Время	Пример	Перевод
Present Simple	New houses are built every year.	Новые дома строят каждый год.
Present Continuous	A new house is being built now.	Сейчас строят новый дом.
Present Perfect	The new house has been built already.	Новый дом уже построили.
Past Simple	This house was built a year ago.	Этот дом построили год назад.
Past Continuous	This house was being builtwhen I moved into this region.	Этот дом стоили, когда я переехал в этот район.
Past Perfect	This house had been built before I moved into this region.	Этот дом построили до того, как я переехал в этот район.
Future Simple	This house will be built next year.	Этот дом построят в следующем году.
Future Perfect	This house will have been built before 2024.	Этот дом построят до 2024 года.
Future in the past Simple	He said this house would be built next year.	Он сказал, что этот дом построят в следующем году.
Future in the past Perfect	He said this house would have been built before 2024.	Он сказал, что этот дом построят до 2024 года.

Exercise 1.Переведите из действительного залога в страдательный. Дайте два варианта в тех случаях, где это возможно.

1)Tom offered me a job.

2)Someone has shown Tom the new apartment.

3)The boss pays Tom $100 every week.

4)They asked me difficult questions at the exam.

5)Sasha is telling Tom a joke.

6)We often speak about her.

7)The doctor will operate on him in a week.

8)Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention.

9)The boys will paint the roof of the house.

10)They are preparing a report now.

11)By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees.

12)They have forgotten the story.

Exercise 2.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice.

1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday.

2. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow.

3. He (to give) me this book next week.

4. A huge plant recently (to build) in this town.

5. They (to look) for the girl everywhere now.

6. A friend of his just (to show) me an interesting magazine.

7. Your dress (not to iron) yet.

8. This letter (to receive) after his departure.

9. By three o’clock everything (to prepare).

10. He (to give) my brother English lessons.

Exercise 3. Переведите тексты, выделяя сказуемые в страдательном залоге. Задайте вопросы 5 типов к одному из предложений в страдательном залоге.

Automation.

Automation is often referred to as a new subject and its various aspects have not yet all been given adequate attention. Thus, for example, its commercial aspects have been only recently appreciated. Many problems arising from the impact of automation on national and world economy have not even been dealt with. It is, therefore, of paramount importance that the general public should be informed both of its technological and social aspects.

There is hardly any aspect of human life that will not be affected by the changes that automation will bring about. Unfortunately, there is relatively little factual material available for analyzing the consequences of automation. Indeed, most economists are not yet fully aware of the problems that may arise in the process of automation. The effect of these developments on the trend of prices, capital investments and balance of payments have not yet been fully appreciated. These subjects should be adequately dealt with in the foreseeable future.

Modal Verbs.

Модальные глаголы.

Infinitive.

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Simple	to V¹^ф	to be V³^ф
Continuous	to be Ving	-
Perfect	to have V³^ф	to have been V³^ф
Perfect Continuous	to have been V_ing	-

Simple Infinitive

	Present	Past	Future
can – мочь, уметь to be able to	can – могу, умею am/ is / are able to	could – мог, умел was / were able to	will be able to – смогу, сумею
may –мочь, иметь разрешение to be allowed to to be permitted to	may – могу, разрешают am/is/are allowed to am/is/are permitted to	might –мог, разрешили was/were allowed to was/were permitted to	will be allowed to will be permitted to - смогу, разрешат
must –должен (моральная необходимость; mustn't - нельзя) to have to to be obliged to	must –должен am/is/are obliged to	had to – должен был was /were obliged to	will have to –должен буду will be obliged to
to have to –должен, приходится (должен по обстоятельствам)	have / has to –должен, приходится	had to – должен был, пришлось	will have to – должен буду, придется
to be to – должен, договорились (должен по договоренности)	am/is/are to – должен	was/were to – должен был

Simple Infinitive to be; Cont. Inf.; Perfect Inf.; Perfect Cont. Infinitive.

	Simple to be, Continuous	Perfect, Perfect Continuous
Must – должно быть, наверняка	He must be at home. – Должно быть, он дома. He must be living in Moscow. – Должно быть, он живет в Москве.	He must have done all work. – Должно быть, он выполнил всю работу.
May/might – возможно, может быть	He may be at home. – Возможно, он дома. He may be living in Moscow. – Возможно, он живет в Москве.	He may have done all work. – Возможно, он сделал всю работу.
Can`t/ couldn't`t – не может быть, чтобы	He can`t be at home. –Не может быть, что он дома. He can`t be living in Moscow. –Не может быть, что он живет в Москве.	He can`t have done all work. – Не может быть, чтобы он сделал всю работу. He can't have failed to do all work.
Can…?/Could…?- Неужели…?	Can he be at home? – Неужели он дома? Can he be living in Moscow? – Неужели он живет в Москве?	Can he have done all work? –Неужели он сделал всю работу? Can he have failed to do all work?
To be to		С Perf. Inf. – запланированное действие не произошло They were to have met at the theatre. – Они так и не встретились в театре.

	Simple, Continuous Infinitive	Perfect, Perfect Continuous
Should	You should call on him. –Тебе следуетпозвонить ему. (должен, следует)	You should have called on him. – Тебе следовалопозвонить ему. (должен был, следовало)
Ought to	You ought to visit your parents. – тебе следует навестить родителей. (совет, напоминание)	You ought to have helped her. Her bags were too heavy.- Тебе следовало бы ей помочь. У нее были такие тяжелые сумки. (упрек, порицание)
Needn`t	You needn`t call on him. - Тебе не нужно звонить ему. (нет необходимости)	You needn`t have called on him. – Зря ты ему позвонил. (зря, напрасно, незачем было)