Exercise 20. Consider whether these sentences are true or false, and if they are false explain why.

1. Demodicosis is a parasitic disease.

2. The limited presence of Demodex mites in animal body is normal.

3. There are four main forms of demodicosis.

4. Demodicosis can be a reason of significant economic losses in leather industry.

5. There is no treatment for animals with demodicosis.

Exercise 21. a) Make up collocations using words from both columns.

microscopic	environments
localized	immunity
scaly	appetite
temperate	skin
poor	acari
acquired	demodicosis

b) Fill in the gaps with the collocations from above.

1. These …can live in animals’ hair follicles and oil glands.

2.This disease is common in tropical areas and is not usually found in ….

3.Natural and … can cause a decrease in the number of mites infesting a cow as well as decreasing the severity of a cow’s symptoms.

4. … infections usually occur early in life, typically in puppies between 3 and 6 months of age.

5.One can notice thinning hair, …, and the skin itself will appear reddish-brown.

6.The dog may also be lethargic and have a … .

Exercise 22. TranslatefromRussianintoEnglishandlearnthesymptoms.

Образование узелков и желваков в коже; неопрятный внешний вид; чешуйчатая кожа; апатичное состояние; поражение кожи вымени; поражение подмышек; генерализованная форма; локализованные поражения.

Exercise 23.Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending/beginning according to the text.

1. … can lead to disease development.

2. Demodectic mange occurs in ….

3. Demodicosis is characterized by ….

4. This condition is often found in cattle with increased….

5.Many cases resolve spontaneously with little or ….

6. One can notice thinning hair, scaly skin, and ….

7. In order to diagnose a dog with demodicosis, veterinarian should ….

8. In some situations, additional medications are prescribed, such as ….

Exercise 24.Give the English equivalents for the Russian words in brackets.

1. (Демодекознаячесотка) occurs in(домашниеидикиеживотные) including even captive pandas in zoos. 2. (Клещиспецифичныпоотношениюкхозяевам), and each mammal species is host to one or two unique species ofDemodex mites. 3.These (пораженияобычновозникают) on the neck, shoulders, and armpit of cattle; however, sometimes they also appear (навымени). 4.This condition is often found in cattle with increased stress (отстельностиилилактации). 5.The (разрывузелков) and papules can damage the cattle’s skin, which results in (экономическимпотерям) due to problems with leather production.6.Natural and acquired immunity can cause a decrease in (числоклещей) infesting a cow as well as (снижениетяжестисимптомов).7.This form of the disease is usually mild and (поддаетсялечению). 8. Most often, localized infestations(разрешаютсябезлечения).

Exercise 25. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Демодекоз чаще всего развивается у животных с ослабленным иммунитетом. 2. Стельность и лактация у коров может вызвать стресс у животных, на фоне которого клещи демодексы начинают усиленно размножаться. 3. Собаки с генерализованной формой демодекоза выглядят неопрятно: кожа красно-коричневая, покрыта чешуйками. 5. Локализованный демодекоз известен случаями самоизлечения пораженных животных. 6. Для подтверждения диагноза необходимо сделать соскоб кожи в местах поражения. 7. Генарализованная форма демодекоза может осложняться вторичной бактериальной инфекцией. 8. Для лечения генерализованного демодекоза применяют местные (на кожу) и пероральные средства.

Exercise 26. Testyourselfbyansweringthequestionstoseehowmuchyouremember and understand.

1. What is demodicosis?

2. Are there any other names of this disease?

3. Is demodicosis a parasitic disease?

4. Where do the mites live?

5. What kind of damage can demodicosis cause in leather industry?

6. Are mites specific to their hosts?

7.Does demodicosis depend on the condition of host immune system?

8. How many forms of demodicosis are there?

TEXT D

OESTROSIS (SHEEP BOT FLY)

VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT D

bot flyn	['bɔtflaɪ]	овод
buzzingn	[bʌzɪŋ]	жужжание
deposit v	[dɪ'pɔzɪt]	откладывать яйца/личинок
dischargen	[dɪs'ʧɑːʤ]	выделение
distinctiveadj	[dɪ'stɪŋktɪv]	характерный
fertilize v	['fɜːtɪlaɪz]	оплодотворять
flock n	[flɔk]	стадо
hatch v	[hæʧ]	вылупляться
larva n	['lɑːvə]	личинка
malnutrition n	[ˌmælnjuː'trɪʃ(ə)n]	недоедание
mate v	[meɪt]	спариваться
oestrosis n	['iːstrəsɪs]	эстроз
principal (host)adj	['prɪn(t)səp(ə)l]	окончательный (хозяин)
pupa n	['pjuːpə]	куколка
pupate v	['pjuːpeɪt]	окукливаться
septic (sinusitis)adj	['septɪk]	септический (синусит)
sinus n	['saɪnəs]	пазуха
sinusitis n	[ˌsaɪnə'saɪtɪs]	синусит
snort v	[snɔːt]	фыркать
stamp v	[stæmp]	топать
stripe n	[straɪp]	полоса
swelling n	['swelɪŋ]	отек
tap v	[tæp]	постукивать

Oestrosis is an insect-borne disease caused by the sheep bot fly (Oestrusovis). It affects sheep, deer, goats and sometimes cattle. There have also been many records of horse, dog and human infestation. In some areas of the world it is a significant pest which affects the agricultural economy.

The adult fly is a bee-like insect about 10 to 12 mm long, slightly hairy with a dark grey body and yellow head and legs. It is widely distributed across the world wherever sheep, deer and goats are found.

Sheep bot flies begin life as eggs (within the female which is fertilized) and hatch to larvae of 1 mm (inside of the female as well). The flying female then depositsa few larvaedirectly into a nostril of the host animal. The larvae then make their way up the nasal passage in the mucosa and enter a nasal sinus. During this time, it will develop, grow and moult into a second larval stage. It then continues to develop up to 20mm in length with a dark stripe across each segment. When the larva is fully developed, it moves down the nasal passage and drops to the ground where it buries itself and pupates. The period of larvamaturation depends on the temperature. It may take up to 35 days in warm weather but up to 10 months in colder climates. It takes the pupa from 3–9 weeks to mature, again depending on climatic conditions. Then the adult burrows up to the surface, takes to the wing and starts mating. The adults do not feed at all during the rest 2–4 weeks of adult life since their mouthpart construction doesn’t allow them to do it.

Sheep are the principal hosts. The presence of the fly with its distinctivebuzzing can cause mature animals walk with their noses near the ground or form a circle with their noses in the middle and near the ground. If the fly successfully deposits larvae in the nostril of sheep, the animal may feel the larvae after a few days and attempt to remove them by tapping their muzzles on the ground. They will also snort and stamptheir front feet in annoyance. Once the larvae have infested the nasal passage and sinuses, irritation of the mucosa occurs. The mucous discharge follows, it is accompanied by swelling of the internal membranes of the nose. Malfunction of breathing and large discomfort may cause sheep to reduce or stop grazing and lose weight and condition. This can in some cases lead to malnutrition and death. Sometimes mature larvae are unable to escape from the nasal sinus and die in it. This may then lead to a septic sinusitiscausing death as well.

In developed countries, preventative medication can be given to sheep and other domestic animals. These have a variable effect because reinfestation from neighbouring territory is common. In isolated flocks of animals, control can be more effective.

EXERCISES TO THE TEXT

Exercise 27.Look through the text and find information about:

-causative agent of oestrosis;

- animals that are susceptible to oestrosis;

- description of bot fly;

- the way bot fly enters the body;

- clinical signs of oestrosis;

- treatment and prevention of oestrosis.